Release of β-casomorphin-7 in A1/A1 and A2/A2 Dairy Systems: Insights From Simulated Semi-dynamic Gastrointestinal Digestion
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Daniloski, D
McCarthy, NA
Vasiljevic, T
Sharma, N
Fitzpatrick, CJ
Brodkorb, A
Le, TT
Knudsen, LJ
Larsen, LB
Poulsen, NA
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Elsevier BV
Abstract
The study aimed to determine the amount of β-casomorphin-7 released during semi-dynamic in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of A1/A1 and A2/A2 milk, yogurt, and Cheddar cheese. Samples were collected at 10 and 120 min during the intestinal phase for each of the four gastric emptying points, following the INFOGEST digestion model. β-Casomorphin-7 was quantified using liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. The levels of β-casomorphin-7 were similar in A1/A1 (8.65–11.72 μg/100 g protein) and A2/A2 (9.64–15.29 μg/100 g protein) milk digests, higher in A1/A1 yogurt, while A1/A1 cheese digest exhibited the highest levels among all samples (36.19–62.73 μg/100 g protein), nearly ten times higher than A2/A2 cheese digest. After in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of a serving size of the studied dairy products the released amounts may not align with levels required for in vivo opioid activity. However, further human clinical trials are warranted.
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A1/A1 and A2/A2 dairy products, INFOGEST, In vitro gastrointestinal digestion, Opioid activity, β-Casomorphin-7, 30 Agricultural, Veterinary and Food Sciences, 3006 Food Sciences, Digestive Diseases, Food Science, 3006 Food sciences
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Food Chemistry, ISSN: 0308-8146 (Print); 1873-7072 (Online), Elsevier BV, 506, 148157-. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2026.148157
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© 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC-BY license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. You are not required to obtain permission to reuse this article.
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Except where otherwise noted, this item's license is described as © 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC-BY license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. You are not required to obtain permission to reuse this article.