Associations Between Exposure to Potentially Psychologically Traumatic Events and Mental Ill Health Among New Zealand Firefighters: A Cross-Sectional Study
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Elsevier BV
Abstract
Background: Fire and emergency services personnel face unique occupational hazards, including repeated exposure to potentially psychologically traumatic events (PPTEs), which can impact their mental health. Despite growing awareness, comprehensive data on the mental health of fire and emergency services personnel in New Zealand remains sparse. Purpose: This study examined the prevalence of symptoms of mental health disorders, including PTSD, Major Depressive Disorder, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and assessed the association between PPTE exposure, coping mechanisms, and mental ill health among New Zealand firefighters and commanders. Methods: A comprehensive online survey using the Qualtrics platform was administered to fire and emergency personnel, assessing exposure to PPTEs and various mental health parameters. The survey utilized standard assessment tools including the PHQ-9, GAD-7, SPRINT, and AUDIT-C alongside measures of life satisfaction, emotional numbing and demographic questions. Main findings: The prevalence of symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder (24 %), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (13 %), and probable PTSD (13 %) among 1264 fire and emergency personnel are higher than those observed in the general population. High exposure to PPTEs was associated with higher odds of reporting moderate-to-severe symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and probable PTSD. Also of note were findings revealing a high prevalence of potentially hazardous drinking patterns (68 %). Conclusions: Highlights a critical need for effective mental ill health prevention and support programs tailored to fire and emergency personnel, considering their high exposure to PPTEs and elevated risk of experiencing symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and PTSDDescription
Keywords
Firefighters, First responders, Mental health, Psychological wellbeing, Trauma exposure, 32 Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, 3202 Clinical Sciences, 52 Psychology, Mental Health, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Anxiety Disorders, Behavioral and Social Science, Brain Disorders, Depression, Mental Illness, 2.3 Psychological, social and economic factors, Mental health, 3 Good Health and Well Being, 1103 Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, 3202 Clinical sciences, 5203 Clinical and health psychology
Source
Comprehensive Psychiatry, ISSN: 0010-440X (Print); 1532-8384 (Online), Elsevier BV, 139, 152595-. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2025.152595
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© 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).