School of Sport and Recreation
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The School of Sport and Recreation has groups of academic researchers who conduct research in sport and activity-related areas. Research areas are:
- Co-operative education
- Outdoor education
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- ItemWhat Are We Hiding? - The Loud Silence on the Racialized Experiences of Indigenous, Brown, and Black Female Athletes in Aotearoa New Zealand(Informa UK Limited, 2024-06-23) Nakhid, Camille; Enari, DionThe recent global attention on the racism experienced by athletes has seen a number of sporting codes come under scrutiny in their respective countries and worldwide. In the colonized countries of Aotearoa New Zealand, and the land known as Australia, much of these racist behaviours have targeted Indigenous, Brown, and Black male athletes and have come from spectators, sports commentators, and the public, primarily on mainstream and social media. Much less is known about the racialized experiences of Indigenous, Brown, and Black female athletes at the systemic and institutional levels in the social institution of sport. This paper argues that the lack of attention to, and information about the presence of racism in the lives of these sportswomen are insufficient to conclude that racism does not exist for these athletes. This paper calls for research in this area.
- ItemPreliminary Development and Validation of the Positive School Transition Readiness Survey (PSTRS)(Wiley, 2023-11-17) Bharara, G; Duncan, SThe transition to secondary school can be a challenging period for adolescents. Although several questionnaires exist to measure transition-related concerns, there is a need to develop a comprehensive survey for assessing the knowledge and skills that adolescents require to adapt effectively to a new school. Thus, the purpose of this study was to develop and investigate the psychometric properties of a preliminary self-report tool (PSTRS) for identifying the presence or absence of factors that facilitate transition to secondary school and are important for adolescent understanding of well-being. The PSTRS was developed in a series of stages that involved a systematic review of the school transition literature, a review of psychometric scales, empirical data of adolescents' well-being conceptualizations, expert reviews, and a pilot study. Seventy-one items were compiled to collect information on 20 school, social, physical, psychological, and spiritual components. Cronbach's alpha for the survey was 0.943 in a sample of Year 8 NZ intermediate school students (N = 471). Test–retest reliability was 0.866 in a subsample of 121 participants. Single-measures ICCs of subscales ranged from 0.501 to 0.943. The PC analysis resulted in a three-component factor structure. The PSTRS and its subscales positively correlated with well-being and negatively correlated with anxiety. Overall, PSTRS appears to be a reliable and valid tool for determining adolescent readiness to transition to secondary school. PSTRS data may be useful for researchers, school professionals, psychologists, and policymakers to better understand positive school transitions. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
- ItemMore Than a Name: The Importance of Cultural Names and Identity in Professional Sport(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2024-06-12) Borell, Phillip; Enari, DionIndigenous athletes have long been subject to racism throughout sporting systems. Such examples include being racially abused by opposition athletes and fans. For Indigenous peoples, their names carry their identity and history of generations; connecting them to their ancestors. Sadly, in some instances their esteemed names and identities have been bastardised intentionally. One incident includes an influential sport commentator making fun of an Indigenous name on air. Her inability to pronounce Indigenous names and their defensive mechanism of making fun of them, has added to the ongoing mistreatment of Indigenous athletes in sport. Another incident involving a highly regarded, sport coach, echoed racist behaviour by renaming an Indigenous athlete in his new team; because he did not want to learn how to pronounce his name, a name given to the athlete by his parents and gifted by his tūpuna (ancestors). These high profile examples demonstrate an ignorance to properly acknowledge the demographic who make up almost half of the playing contracts in this sport. This article will draw from the research of two Indigenous sport academics to address the importance of Indigenous identity for athletes as well as pushing-back against racism in professional sport. We advocate for the inclusion of our ancestral wisdom and the honouring of our names be etched in the fabric of professional sport.
- ItemGym and Fitness Injuries Amongst Those Aged 16–64 in New Zealand: Analysis of Ten Years of Accident Compensation Corporation Injury Claim Data.(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2024-05-14) Cuthbertson-Moon, Melissa; Hume, Patria A; Wyatt, Hannah E; Carlson, Isaac; Hastings, BryceBACKGROUND: To provide epidemiological data for minor and moderate-to-serious injury claims for gym and fitness related injuries amongst those aged 16-64 in New Zealand, to inform the development of an injury prevention program. METHODS: Retrospective analytical review of gym and fitness related injury entitlement minor and moderate- to-serious Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) claims from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2020. Data were analysed by cause of injury, geographical region, sex, age, body site and injury type. Qualitative analysis of free text describing the activity causing the injury was conducted. RESULTS: Over the ten-year period, 16-64 year olds made 345,254 injury claims, costing ACC NZ$241,298,275 in treatment charges. Soft tissue injuries were the most prevalent making up 96% (331,343) of all claims and 88% (NZ$213,049,197) of the total charges. Strenuous movement with lifting (n = 154,467, 47%), strenuous movement without lifting (n = 84,469, 25%), impact/contact with object (n = 39,610, 12%) and impact/contact with ground (n = 25,351, 8%) were the top four mechanisms resulting in injury, accounting for 92% of soft tissue injuries. Males and females aged 21 to 30 years old were most frequently injured. The four most injured body sites (lower back/spine, shoulder, knee, neck/back of head) accounted for 63% of injuries in females, and 65% in males. CONCLUSIONS: The most common cause of injury from gym and fitness activity claims in 16-64 year olds in New Zealand was lifting/carrying/strain resulting in lower back/spine and shoulder (including clavicle/blade) soft tissue injuries. Soft tissue injuries accounted for 96% of the total claims. Males and females aged 21 to 30 years old were most frequently injured age group.
- ItemImplementing the Technology Shift From 2D to 3D: Insights and Suggestions for Umpire Educators(Frontiers Media S.A., 2024-04-26) Kaiser, Keone; Walters, Simon; Sheehy, Kevin; Murray, Eoin; Spencer, KirstenEffective methods to improve decision-making in sports officiating, particularly with the current and ongoing issues with in-person training, means new remote training methods must be developed. Traditional training of officials occurs primarily as “in-person coaching” at matches, with supporting training manuals and 2D broadcast analysis. However, live matches present difficulties in implementation, while manuals and 2D broadcast videos may not sufficiently ensure learning transfers to real situations. Due to its ease of use, first-person perspective, and ability to analyze live and post-event remotely, 360° virtual reality video technology (360° VR) offers an alternative technological solution for developing decision-making accuracy for sports officials across multiple sports. This study sought to assess the ecological validity (EV) of using 360° VR technology to enable remote teaching of decision-making. Decision-making quality and accuracy in softball umpires were similar when using 360° VR and the traditional method (2D broadcast footage), but 360° VR received significantly higher EV values than the 2D broadcast videos. In addition, interviewed participants expressed excitement about using 360° VR to augment traditional umpiring manuals and rulebooks. The results show that 360° VR has the potential to enhance or replace traditional remote learning methods for decision-making in softball umpires and allow softball learning to reach a much wider umpire audience.