Exploring the Potential of Virtual Reality Technology to Improve Safety Practices in the Construction Sector Through Network, Loop, and Critical Path Analysis

Abstract

The study explores how Virtual Reality (VR) can improve safety training in the construction industry by identifying key influencing factors and analysing their interactions to enhance safety outcomes. A systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted using Scopus and ScienceDirect databases, yielding 58 relevant studies published between 2019 and 2024. Thematic analysis was employed to determine and categorise key factors influencing VR training effectiveness. Using network analysis techniques, the study generated author–factor and interrelation matrices, a causal loop diagram, and loop and critical path analyses to determine feedback mechanisms and the most influential factor sequences. The study identified 33 key factors across behavioural, cognitive, technological, social, economic, and health and safety themes. Safety and hazard awareness, immersive experiences, realism, and worker behaviour were the most dominant. These factors were found to support better engagement, learning, and safety performance. On the other hand, financial constraints, low adoption rates, communication issues, and language barriers were identified as limiting factors that reduce the overall impact and integration of VR training in construction environments. This research presents an interrelation-based framework for analysing VR training effectiveness using thematic and network analysis.