Delayed Submarine Caldera Subsidence Creates Extreme Tsunami Hazard
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Cronin, SJ
Steinke, B
Borrero, JC
Okal, EA
Ribó, Marta
Wu, J
White, JDL
Brenna, M
Paredes-Mariño, J
Huebsch, M
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American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Abstract
The 2022 Hunga volcano eruption generated one of the largest and most destructive volcanic tsunamis ever recorded. We interpret the timing, nature and relative hazard of volcanic-tsunamigenic processes by combining geophysical, oceanographic, atmospheric, and eye-witness observations of this event. Hydro-acoustic signal (T waves) detected on seismic stations up to 2600 km away provided a key to discerning tsunami triggers from explosions, volcanic mass flows, and caldera subsidence. The largest tsunami was generated by the first of at least two sudden caldera-subsidence events. This occurred 1 hour after globally detected explosions that produced smaller tsunami. Our results provide rare insights into the rates of caldera subsidence and highlight the complex multiple sources of tsunamis resulting from eruptions of oceanic volcanoes.
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37 Earth Sciences, 3703 Geochemistry, 3705 Geology, 3706 Geophysics
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Science Advances, ISSN: 2375-2548 (Print); 2375-2548 (Online), American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 12(36), eaed4934-. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aed4934
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Copyright © 2026 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).
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Except where otherwise noted, this item's license is described as Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License