America’s Cup Sailing: Effect of Standing Arm-Cranking (“Grinding”) Direction on Muscle Activity, Kinematics, and Torque Application

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aut.relation.issue37en_NZ
aut.relation.journalSportsen_NZ
aut.relation.volume4en_NZ
aut.researcherHume, Patria
dc.contributor.authorPearson, SNen_NZ
dc.contributor.authorHume, Pen_NZ
dc.contributor.authorCronin, JBen_NZ
dc.contributor.authorSlyfield, Den_NZ
dc.date.accessioned2022-06-03T03:05:38Z
dc.date.available2022-06-03T03:05:38Z
dc.date.copyright2016en_NZ
dc.date.issued2016en_NZ
dc.description.abstractGrinding is a key physical element in America’s Cup sailing. This study aimed to describe kinematics and muscle activation patterns in relation to torque applied in forward and backward grinding. Ten male America’s Cup sailors (33.6 ± 5.7 years, 97.9 ± 13.4 kg, 186.6 ± 7.4 cm) completed forward and backward grinding on a customised grinding ergometer. In forward grinding peak torque (77 Nm) occurred at 95° (0° = crank vertically up) on the downward section of the rotation at the end of shoulder flexion and elbow extension. Backward grinding torque peaked at 35° (69 Nm) following the pull action (shoulder extension, elbow flexion) across the top of the rotation. During forward grinding, relatively high levels of torque (>50 Nm) were maintained through the majority (72%) of the cycle, compared to 47% for backward grinding, with sections of low torque corresponding with low numbers of active muscles. Variation in torque was negatively associated with forward grinding performance (r = −0.60; 90% CI −0.88 to −0.02), but positively associated with backward performance (r = 0.48; CI = −0.15 to 0.83). Magnitude and distribution of torque generation differed according to grinding direction and presents an argument for divergent training methods to improve forward and backward grinding performance.
dc.identifier.citationSports, 4(3), 37. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports4030037
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/sports4030037.en_NZ
dc.identifier.issn2075-4663en_NZ
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10292/15198
dc.publisherMDPI
dc.relation.urihttps://www.mdpi.com/2075-4663/4/3/37/html
dc.rights© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
dc.rights.accessrightsOpenAccessen_NZ
dc.subjectYachting; Biomechanics; Movement analysis; Performance
dc.titleAmerica’s Cup Sailing: Effect of Standing Arm-Cranking (“Grinding”) Direction on Muscle Activity, Kinematics, and Torque Applicationen_NZ
dc.typeJournal Article
pubs.elements-id206861
pubs.organisational-data/AUT
pubs.organisational-data/AUT/Faculty of Health & Environmental Science
pubs.organisational-data/AUT/Faculty of Health & Environmental Science/School of Sport & Recreation
pubs.organisational-data/AUT/Faculty of Health & Environmental Science/School of Sport & Recreation/Sport & Exercise Science Department
pubs.organisational-data/AUT/PBRF
pubs.organisational-data/AUT/PBRF/PBRF Health and Environmental Sciences
pubs.organisational-data/AUT/PBRF/PBRF Health and Environmental Sciences/HS Sports & Recreation 2018 PBRF
pubs.organisational-data/AUT/University Central
pubs.organisational-data/AUT/University Central/Research
pubs.organisational-data/AUT/University Central/Research/University Research Office
pubs.organisational-data/AUT/zAcademic Progression
pubs.organisational-data/AUT/zAcademic Progression/Professor
pubs.organisational-data/AUT/zAcademic Progression/Professor/AP - Prof - Health and Environmental Sciences
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