Interrelationships Among Stakeholder‐Perceived Factors Influencing Solar PV Adoption in Passive Houses in New Zealand

Abstract

The adoption of solar photovoltaic systems (SPVS) in passive houses (PHs) is shaped by technical, economic and policy-related factors. Yet, the interactions among these factors have not been quantitatively modelled in the New Zealand context. Addressing this gap is critical to advancing Sustainable Development Goal 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), particularly as SPVS integration in New Zealand PHs remains limited. Building on previous studies that identified adoption factors, this study applies Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) to survey data from 96 stakeholders in the building and energy sectors to examine the structural relationships influencing perceived SPVS–PH adoption. Results are reported using standardised path coefficients (β) and explained variance (R2). Sustainability benefits (β = 0.372) and design synergy (β = 0.290) were the strongest drivers (R2 = 0.461). Economic barriers (β = 0.460) and design/technological limitations (β = 0.333) were the dominant constraints (R2 = 0.332). Integrated design and technical solutions (β = 0.501) and enabling policy and incentives (β = 0.199) were the strongest strategy factors (R2 = 0.487). This study provides an empirically tested structural model of SPVS–PH adoption in New Zealand and offers evidence-based guidance for policy and design practice.