The Adaptive System: Networks, Relationships, and Boundaries in Disaster and Emergency Management

Disaster and emergency management (DEM) systems face increasing complexity, with overlapping hazards and diverse actors. Understanding how such systems function adaptively is essential for improving coherence and resilience. While DEM research recognises interdependence, less is known about how relational and structural dynamics interact to shape performance. This study addresses that gap by examining Aotearoa New Zealand's DEM system through a Constructivist Networked Grounded Theory (CNGT) approach, integrating complexity and network theory. Data from 40 participants revealed the system as a complex adaptive network - a dynamic web of relationships, roles, and feedback loops. Three interlinked themes emerged: fluid boundaries that influence inclusion and legitimacy; relational enablers such as trust, learning, and cultural partnership; and systemic frictions that constrain adaptation. Across these themes, information flow proved central to coordination quality. The findings suggest that effective DEM requires shifting from control to stewarding the relational and cultural conditions that sustain collective learning and adaptability.