The use of built environments in the formation and change of national identities: the case of Macedonia and ‘Skopje 2014’

While the expressive power of architecture as a signifier of social, economic or political authority during times of prosperity is recognised in the literature, its role during times of political crisis (such as during times of critical national restructuring) has not been fully studied or theorised. This paper aims to address this gap and will argue that built environments, if used as a tool for national propaganda, can act as a signifier of national identity alongside other signifiers such as the language, flag, emblem or anthem. A particular case that will be examined includes Macedonia and the controversial ‘Skopje 2014’ government-funded project for the redevelopment of the Skopje city centre.