Danigala Alien Mountain and Petroglyphs: A Multidisciplinary Investigation into Astrotourism, Geotourism, and Archeological Significance – Unlocking Sustainable Development Opportunities in Sri Lanka

Abstract

Danigala Circular Rock (7°40'50.24"N, 81°12'48.32"E), located near Kandegama in the Polonnaruwa District of Sri Lanka, is a distinctive geological formation characterized by its semicircular morphology, shaped by long-term geological processes and weathering. This site lies within a region of exceptional geodiversity, featuring diverse geological and geomorphological formations spanning from the Precambrian Era to the present. Beyond its geological significance, Danigala holds archaeological, astronomical, biodiversity, and cultural value, making it a unique multidisciplinary heritage site. On July 28, 2020, a discovery of previously undocumented petroglyphs was made on the northwestern slope of Danigala during a preliminary archaeoastronomical and geological survey conducted by the Central Cultural Fund (CCF—Polonnaruwa Alahana Parivena Project) in collaboration with the Department of Research Innovation, Eco Astronomy Inc. The petroglyphs, particularly the bind runes, exhibit unique symbolic representations not previously recorded in Sri Lanka or the broader South Asian region, suggesting a novel archaeological and cultural narrative influenced by natural and anthropomorphic factors. Given its geological uniqueness, archaeological rarity, and potential astro-tourism value, Danigala Circular Rock warrants recognition as a key geoheritage and cultural heritage site. This study advocates for a sustainable management framework integrating geotourism, astro-tourism, archaeo-tourism, and adventure tourism through a multidisciplinary approach. Such initiatives should prioritize ecological conservation, community well-being, and responsible tourism development, ensuring the preservation of Danigala’s scientific, historical, and cultural legacy for future generations.