Simulation of Chirped FBG and EFPI-Based EC-PCF Sensor for Multi-Parameter Monitoring in Lithium Ion Batteries
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MDPI AG
Abstract
The growing need for efficient and safe high-energy lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in electric vehicles and grid storage necessitates advanced internal monitoring solutions. This work presents a comprehensive simulation model of a novel integrated optical sensor based on ethylene carbonate-filled photonic crystal fiber (EC-PCF). The proposed design synergistically combines a chirped fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and an extrinsic Fabry-Pérot interferometer (EFPI) on a multiplexed platform for the multifunctional sensing of refractive index (RI), temperature, strain, and pressure (via strain coupling) within LIBs. By matching the RI of the PCF cladding to the battery electrolyte using ethylene carbonate, the design maximizes light-matter interaction for exceptional RI sensitivity, while the cascaded EFPI enhances mechanical deformation detection beyond conventional FBG arrays. The simulation framework employs the Transfer Matrix Method with Gaussian apodization to model FBG reflectivity and the Airy formula for high-fidelity EFPI spectra, incorporating critical effects like stress-induced birefringence, Transverse Electric (TE)/Transverse Magnetic (TM) polarization modes, and wavelength dispersion across the 1540-1560 nm range. Robustness against fabrication variations and environmental noise is rigorously quantified through Monte Carlo simulations with Sobol sequences, predicting temperature sensitivities of ∼12 pm/°C, strain sensitivities of ∼1.10 pm/με, and a remarkable RI sensitivity of ∼1200 nm/RIU. Validated against independent experimental data from instrumented battery cells, this model establishes a robust computational foundation for real-time battery monitoring and provides a critical design blueprint for future experimental realization and integration into advanced battery management systems.Description
Keywords
chirped fiber Bragg grating, ethylene carbonate-filled photonic crystal fiber, extrinsic Fabry–Pérot interferometer, lithium-ion battery monitoring, Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis, multiplexed optical sensing, refractive index detection, temperature and strain sensing, 4605 Data Management and Data Science, 46 Information and Computing Sciences, 40 Engineering, 4016 Materials Engineering, 7 Affordable and Clean Energy, 0301 Analytical Chemistry, 0502 Environmental Science and Management, 0602 Ecology, 0805 Distributed Computing, 0906 Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Analytical Chemistry, 3103 Ecology, 4008 Electrical engineering, 4009 Electronics, sensors and digital hardware, 4104 Environmental management, 4606 Distributed computing and systems software
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Sensors (Basel), ISSN: 1424-8220 (Print); 1424-8220 (Online), MDPI AG, 25(19), 6092-6092. doi: 10.3390/s25196092
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© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).