Global Burden and Strength of Evidence for 88 Risk Factors in 204 Countries and 811 Subnational Locations, 1990–2021: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Brauer, Michael; Roth, Gregory A; Aravkin, Aleksandr Y; Zheng, Peng; Abate, Kalkidan Hassen; Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis; Abbafati, Cristiana; Abbasgholizadeh, Rouzbeh; Abbasi, Madineh Akram; Abbasian, Mohammadreza; Abbasifard, Mitra; Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen; Abd ElHafeez, Samar; Abd-Elsalam, Sherief; Abdi, Parsa; Abdollahi, Mohammad; Abdoun, Meriem; Abdulah, Deldar Morad; Abdullahi, Auwal; Abebe, Mesfin; Abedi, Aidin; Abedi, Armita; Abegaz, Tadesse M; Abeldaño Zuñiga, Roberto Ariel; Abiodun, Olumide; Abiso, Temesgen Lera; Aboagye, Richard Gyan; Abolhassani, Hassan; Abouzid, Mohamed; Aboye, Girma Beressa; Abreu, Lucas Guimarães; Abualruz, Hasan; Abubakar, Bilyaminu; Abu-Gharbieh, Eman; Abukhadijah, Hana Jihad Jihad; Aburuz, Salahdein; Abu-Zaid, Ahmed; Adane, Mesafint Molla; Addo, Isaac Yeboah; Addolorato, Giovanni; Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji; Adekanmbi, Victor; Aden, Bashir; Adetunji, Juliana Bunmi; Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther; Adha, Rishan; Adibi, Amin; Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah; Adzigbli, Leticia Akua; Afolabi, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika; Afolabi, Rotimi Felix; Afshin, Ashkan; Afyouni, Shadi; Afzal, Muhammad Sohail; Afzal, Saira; Agampodi, Suneth Buddhika; Agbozo, Faith; Aghamiri, Shahin; Agodi, Antonella; Agrawal, Anurag; Agyemang-Duah, Williams; Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku; Ahmad, Aqeel; Ahmad, Danish; Ahmad, Firdos; Ahmad, Noah; Ahmad, Shahzaib; Ahmad, Tauseef; Ahmed, Ali; Ahmed, Anisuddin; Ahmed, Ayman; Ahmed, Luai A; Ahmed, Muktar Beshir; Ahmed, Safoora; Ahmed, Syed Anees; Ajami, Marjan; Akalu, Gizachew Taddesse; Akara, Essona Matatom; Akbarialiabad, Hossein; Akhlaghi, Shiva; Akinosoglou, Karolina; Akinyemiju, Tomi; Akkaif, Mohammed Ahmed; Akkala, Sreelatha; Akombi-Inyang, Blessing; Al Awaidy, Salah; Al Hasan, Syed Mahfuz; Alahdab, Fares; AL-Ahdal, Tareq Mohammed Ali; Alalalmeh, Samer O; Alalwan, Tariq A; Al-Aly, Ziyad; Alam, Khurshid; Alam, Nazmul; Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour; Alanzi, Turki M; Albakri, Almaza; AlBataineh, Mohammad T; Aldhaleei, Wafa A; Aldridge, Robert W; Alemayohu, Mulubirhan Assefa; Alemu, Yihun Mulugeta; Al-Fatly, Bassam; Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed; Al-Habbal, Khairat; Alhabib, Khalid F; Alhassan, Robert Kaba; Ali, Abid; Ali, Amjad; Ali, Beriwan Abdulqadir; Ali, Iman; Ali, Liaqat; Ali, Mohammed Usman; Ali, Rafat; Ali, Syed Shujait Shujait; Ali, Waad; Alicandro, Gianfranco; Alif, Sheikh Mohammad; Aljunid, Syed Mohamed; Alla, François; Al-Marwani, Sabah; Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M; Almustanyir, Sami; Alomari, Mahmoud A; Alonso, Jordi; Alqahtani, Jaber S; Alqutaibi, Ahmed Yaseen; Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M; Alrawashdeh, Ahmad; Al-Rifai, Rami Hani; Alrousan, Sahel Majed; Al-Sabah, Salman Khalifah; Alshahrani, Najim Z; Altaany, Zaid; Altaf, Awais; Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A; Altirkawi, Khalid A; Aluh, Deborah Oyine; Alvis-Guzman, Nelson; Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J; Alwafi, Hassan; Al-Wardat, Mohammad Sami; Al-Worafi, Yaser Mohammed; Aly, Hany; Aly, Safwat; Alzoubi, Karem H; Al-Zyoud, Walid; Amaechi, Uchenna Anderson; Aman Mohammadi, Masous; Amani, Reza; Amiri, Sohrab; Amirzade-Iranaq, Mohammad Hosein; Ammirati, Enrico; Amu, Hubert; Amugsi, Dickson A; Amusa, Ganiyu Adeniyi; Ancuceanu, Robert; Anderlini, Deanna; Anderson, Jason A; Andrade, Pedro Prata; Andrei, Catalina Liliana; Andrei, Tudorel; Anenberg, Susan C; Angappan, Dhanalakshmi; Angus, Colin; Anil, Abhishek; Anil, Sneha; Anjum, Afifa; Anoushiravani, Amir; Antonazzo, Ippazio Cosimo; Antony, Catherine M; Antriyandarti, Ernoiz; Anuoluwa, Boluwatife Stephen; Anvari, Davood; Anvari, Saeid; Anwar, Saleha; Anwar, Sumadi Lukman; Anwer, Razique; Anyabolo, Ekenedilichukwu Emmanuel; Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward; Apostol, Geminn Louis Carace; Arabloo, Jalal; Arabzadeh Bahri, Razman; Arafat, Mosab; Areda, Demelash; Aregawi, Brhane Berhe; Aremu, Abdulfatai; Armocida, Benedetta; Arndt, Michael Benjamin; Ärnlöv, Johan; Arooj, Mahwish; Artamonov, Anton A; Artanti, Kurnia Dwi; Aruleba, Idowu Thomas; Arumugam, Ashokan; Asbeutah, Akram M; Asgary, Saeed; Asgedom, Akeza Awealom; Ashbaugh, Charlie; Ashemo, Mubarek Yesse; Ashraf, Tahira; Askarinejad, Amir; Assmus, Michael; Astell-Burt, Thomas; Athar, Mohammad; Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin; Atorkey, Prince; Atreya, Alok; Aujayeb, Avinash; Ausloos, Marcel; Avila-Burgos, Leticia; Awoke, Andargie Abate; Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina; Ayatollahi, Haleh; Ayestas Portugal, Carlos; Ayuso-Mateos, Jose L; Azadnajafabad, Sina; Azevedo, Rui MS; Azhar, Gulrez Shah; Azizi, Hosein; Azzam, Ahmed Y; Backhaus, Insa Linnea; Badar, Muhammad; Badiye, Ashish D; Bagga, Arvind; Baghdadi, Soroush; Bagheri, Nasser; Bagherieh, Sara; Bahrami Taghanaki, Pegah; Bai, Ruhai; Baig, Atif Amin; Baker, Jennifer L; Bakkannavar, Shankar M; Balasubramanian, Madhan; Baltatu, Ovidiu Constantin; Bam, Kiran; Bandyopadhyay, Soham; Banik, Biswajit; Banik, Palash Chandra; Banke-Thomas, Aduragbemi; Bansal, Hansi; Barchitta, Martina; Bardhan, Mainak; Bardideh, Erfan; Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn; Bärnighausen, Till Winfried; Barone-Adesi, Francesco; Barqawi, Hiba Jawdat; Barrero, Lope H; Barrow, Amadou; Barteit, Sandra; Basharat, Zarrin; Basiru, Afisu; Basso, João Diogo; Bastan, Mohammad-Mahdi; Basu, Sanjay; Batchu, Sai; Batra, Kavita; Batra, Ravi; Baune, Bernhard T; Bayati, Mohsen; Bayileyegn, Nebiyou Simegnew; Beaney, Thomas; Behnoush, Amir Hossein; Beiranvand, Maryam; Béjot, Yannick; Bekele, Alehegn; Belgaumi, Uzma Iqbal; Bell, Arielle Wilder; Bell, Michelle L; Bello, Muhammad Bashir; Bello, Olorunjuwon Omolaja; Belo, Luis; Beloukas, Apostolos; Bendak, Salaheddine; Bennett, Derrick A; Bennitt, Fiona B; Bensenor, Isabela M; Benzian, Habib; Beran, Azizullah; Berezvai, Zombor; Bernabe, Eduardo; Bernstein, Robert S; Bettencourt, Paulo JG; Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth; Bhala, Neeraj; Bhandari, Dinesh; Bhardwaj, Nikha; Bhardwaj, Pankaj; Bhaskar, Sonu; Bhat, Ajay Nagesh; Bhat, Vivek; Bhatti, Gurjit Kaur; Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh; Bhatti, Manpreet S; Bhatti, Rajbir; Bhuiyan, Mohiuddin Ahmed; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A; Bikbov, Boris; Bishai, Jessica Devin; Bisignano, Catherine; Biswas, Atanu; Biswas, Bijit; Biswas, Raaj Kishore; Bjørge, Tone; Boachie, Micheal Kofi; Boakye, Hosea; Bockarie, Moses John; Bodolica, Virginia; Bodunrin, Aadam Olalekan; Bogale, Eyob Ketema; Bolla, Srinivasa Rao; Boloor, Archith; Bonakdar Hashemi, Milad; Boppana, Sri Harsha; Bora Basara, Berrak; Borhany, Hamed; Botero Carvajal, Alejandro; Bouaoud, Souad; Boufous, Soufiane; Bourne, Rupert; Boxe, Christopher; Braithwaite, Dejana; Brant, Luisa C; Brar, Amanpreet; Breitborde, Nicholas JK; Breitner, Susanne; Brenner, Hermann; Briko, Andrey Nikolaevich; Britton, Gabrielle; Brown, Colin Stewart; Browne, Annie J; Brunoni, Andre R; Bryazka, Dana; Bulamu, Norma B; Bulto, Lemma N; Buonsenso, Danilo; Burkart, Katrin; Burns, Richard A; Busse, Reinhard; Bustanji, Yasser; Butt, Nadeem Shafique; Butt, Zahid A; Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano; Cagney, Jack; Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero; Calina, Daniela; Cámera, Luis Alberto; Campos, Luciana Aparecida; Campos-Nonato, Ismael R; Cao, Chao; Cao, Fan; Cao, Yubin; Capodici, Angelo; Cárdenas, Rosario; Carr, Sinclair; Carreras, Giulia; Carrero, Juan J; Carugno, Andrea; Carvalho, Felix; Carvalho, Márcia; Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio; Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A; Castelpietra, Giulio; Catalá-López, Ferrán; Catapano, Alberico L; Cattaruzza, Maria Sofia; Caye, Arthur; Cederroth, Christopher R; Cegolon, Luca; Cenderadewi, Muthia; Cercy, Kelly M; Cerin, Ester; Chadwick, Joshua; Chakraborty, Chiranjib; Chakraborty, Promit Ananyo; Chakraborty, Sandip; Chan, Jeffrey Shi Kai; Chan, Raymond NC; Chandan, Joht Singh; Chandika, Rama Mohan; Chaturvedi, Pankaj; Chen, An-Tian; Chen, Catherine S; Chen, Haowei; Chen, Meng Xuan; Chen, Mingling; Chen, Simiao; Cheng, Ching-Yu; Cheng, Esther TW; Cherbuin, Nicolas; Chi, Gerald; Chichagi, Fatemeh; Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel; Chimoriya, Ritesh; Ching, Patrick R; Chirinos-Caceres, Jesus Lorenzo; Chitheer, Abdulaal; Cho, William CS; Chong, Bryan; Chopra, Hitesh; Chowdhury, Rajiv; Christopher, Devasahayam J; Chu, Dinh-Toi; Chukwu, Isaac Sunday; Chung, Eric; Chung, Sheng-Chia; Chutiyami, Muhammad; Cioffi, Iolanda; Cogen, Rebecca M; Cohen, Aaron J; Columbus, Alyssa; Conde, Joao; Corlateanu, Alexandru; Cortese, Samuele; Cortesi, Paolo Angelo; Costa, Vera Marisa; Costanzo, Simona; Criqui, Michael H; Cruz, Jessica A; Cruz-Martins, Natália; Culbreth, Garland T; da Silva, Alanna Gomes; Dadras, Omid; Dai, Xiaochen; Dai, Zhaoli; Daikwo, Patience Unekwuojo; Dalli, Lachlan L; Damiani, Giovanni; D'Amico, Emanuele; D'Anna, Lucio; Darwesh, Aso Mohammad; Das, Jai K; Das, Subasish; Dash, Nihar Ranjan; Dashti, Mohsen; Dávila-Cervantes, Claudio Alberto; Davis Weaver, Nicole; Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil; De la Hoz, Fernando Pio; de la Torre-Luque, Alejandro; De Leo, Diego; Debopadhaya, Shayom; Degenhardt, Louisa; Del Bo', Cristian; Delgado-Enciso, Ivan; Delgado-Saborit, Juana Maria; Demoze, Chalachew Kassaw; Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar; Dervenis, Nikolaos; Dervišević, Emina; Desai, Hardik Dineshbhai; Desai, Rupak; Devanbu, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan; Dewan, Syed Masudur Rahman; Dhali, Arkadeep; Dhama, Kuldeep; Dhane, Amol S; Dhimal, Mandira Lamichhane; Dhimal, Meghnath; Dhingra, Sameer; Dhulipala, Vishal R; Dhungana, Raja Ram; Dias da Silva, Diana; Diaz, Daniel; Diaz, Luis Antonio; Diaz, Michael J; Dima, Adriana; Ding, Delaney D; Dinu, Monica; Djalalinia, Shirin; Do, Thanh Chi; Do, Thao Huynh Phuong; do Prado, Camila Bruneli; Dodangeh, Masoud; Dohare, Sushil; Dokova, Klara Georgieva; Dong, Wanyue; Dongarwar, Deepa; D'Oria, Mario; Dorostkar, Fariba; Dorsey, E Ray; Doshi, Rajkumar; Doshmangir, Leila; Dowou, Robert Kokou; Driscoll, Tim Robert; Dsouza, Ashel Chelsea; Dsouza, Haneil Larson; Dumith, Samuel C; Duncan, Bruce B; Duraes, Andre Rodrigues; Duraisamy, Senbagam; Dushpanova, Anar; Dzianach, Paulina Agnieszka; Dziedzic, Arkadiusz Marian; Ebrahimi, Alireza; Echieh, Chidiebere Peter; Ed-Dra, Abdelaziz; Edinur, Hisham Atan; Edvardsson, David; Edvardsson, Kristina; Efendi, Ferry; Eftekharimehrabad, Aziz; Eini, Ebrahim; Ekholuenetale, Michael; Ekundayo, Temitope Cyrus; El Arab, Rabie Adel; El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa; El-Dahiyat, Faris; Elemam, Noha Mousaad; Elgar, Frank J; ElGohary, Ghada Metwally Tawfik; Elhabashy, Hala Rashad; Elhadi, Muhammed; Elmehrath, Ahmed O; Elmeligy, Omar Abdelsadek Abdou; Elshaer, Mohammed; Elsohaby, Ibrahim; Emeto, Theophilus I; Esfandiari, Negin; Eshrati, Babak; Eslami, Majid; Esmaeili, Sayed Vahid; Estep, Kara; Etaee, Farshid; Fabin, Natalia; Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis; Fagbule, Omotayo Francis; Fahimi, Saman; Falzone, Luca; Fareed, Mohammad; Farinha, Carla Sofia E Sá; Faris, MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud; Faris, Pawan Sirwan; Faro, Andre; Fasina, Folorunso Oludayo; Fatehizadeh, Ali; Fauk, Nelsensius Klau; Fazylov, Timur; Feigin, Valery L; Feng, Xiaoqi; Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad; Feroze, Abdullah Hamid; Ferrara, Pietro; Ferrari, Alize J; Ferreira, Nuno; Fetensa, Getahun; Feyisa, Bikila Regassa; Filip, Irina; Fischer, Florian; Fitriana, Ida; Flavel, Joanne; Flohr, Carsten; Flood, David; Flor, Luisa S; Foigt, Nataliya A; Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin; Force, Lisa M; Fortuna, Daniela; Foschi, Matteo; Franklin, Richard Charles; Freitas, Alberto; Friedman, Sara D; Fux, Blima; G, Sridevi; Gaal, Peter Andras; Gaihre, Santosh; Gajdács, Márió; Galali, Yaseen; Gallus, Silvano; Gandhi, Aravind P; Ganesan, Balasankar; Ganiyani, Mohammad Arfat; Garcia, Vanessa; Gardner, William M; Garg, Ravindra K; Gautam, Rupesh K; Gebi, Tilaye Gebru; Gebregergis, Miglas W; Gebrehiwot, Mesfin; Gebremariam, Tesfay BB; Gebremeskel, Teferi Gebru; Gerema, Urge; Getacher, Lemma; Getahun, Genanew KA; Getie, Molla; Ghadirian, Fataneh; Ghafarian, Sadegh; Ghaffari Jolfayi, Amir; Ghailan, Khalid Yaser; Ghajar, Alireza; Ghasemi, MohammadReza; Ghasempour Dabaghi, Ghazal; Ghasemzadeh, Afsaneh; Ghassemi, Fariba; Ghazy, Ramy Mohamed; Gholami, Ali; Gholamrezanezhad, Ali; Gholizadeh, Nasim; Ghorbani, Mahsa; Gil, Artyom Urievich; Gil, Gabriela Fernanda; Gilbertson, Nora M; Gill, Paramjit Singh; Gill, Tiffany K; Gindaba, Ebisa Zerihun; Girmay, Alem; Glasbey, James C; Gnedovskaya, Elena V; Göbölös, Laszlo; Godinho, Myron Anthony; Goel, Amit; Golechha, Mahaveer; Goleij, Pouya; Golinelli, Davide; Gomes, Nelson GM; Gopalani, Sameer Vali; Gorini, Giuseppe; Goudarzi, Houman; Goulart, Alessandra C; Gouravani, Mahdi; Goyal, Anmol; Graham, Simon Matthew; Grivna, Michal; Grosso, Giuseppe; Guan, Shi-Yang; Guarducci, Giovanni; Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen; Guha, Avirup; Guicciardi, Stefano; Gulati, Snigdha; Gulisashvili, David; Gunawardane, Damitha Asanga; Guo, Cui; Gupta, Anish Kumar; Gupta, Bhawna; Gupta, Mohak; Gupta, Rahul; Gupta, Rajat Das; Gupta, Rajeev; Gupta, Sapna; Gupta, Veer Bala; Gupta, Vijai Kumar; Gupta, Vivek Kumar; Habibzadeh, Farrokh; Habibzadeh, Parham; Hadaro, Tesfahun Simon; Hadian, Zahra; Haep, Nils; Haghi-Aminjan, Hamed; Haghmorad, Dariush; Hagins, Hailey; Haile, Demewoz; Hailu, Alemayehu; Hajj Ali, Adel; Halboub, Esam S; Halimi, Aram; Hall, Brian J; Haller, Sebastian; Halwani, Rabih; Hamadeh, Randah R; Hamdy, Nadia M; Hameed, Sajid; Hamidi, Samer; Hammoud, Ahmad; Hanif, Asif; Hanifi, Nasrin; Haq, Zaim Anan; Haque, Md Rabiul; Harapan, Harapan; Hargono, Arief; Haro, Josep Maria; Hasaballah, Ahmed I; Hasan, Ikramul; Hasan, Mohammad Jahid; Hasan, SM Mahmudul; Hasani, Hamidreza; Hasanian, Mohammad; Hashmeh, Nadim; Hasnain, Md Saquib; Hassan, Amr; Hassan, Ikrama; Hassan Zadeh Tabatabaei, Mahgol Sadat; Hassani, Shokoufeh; Hassanipour, Soheil; Hassankhani, Hadi; Haubold, Johannes; Havmoeller, Rasmus J; Hay, Simon I; Hebert, Jeffrey J; Hegazi, Omar E; Hegena, Tadele Yohannes; Heidari, Golnaz; Heidari, Mohammad; Helfer, Bartosz; Hemmati, Mehdi; Henson, Claire A; Herbert, Molly E; Herteliu, Claudiu; Heuer, Austin; Hezam, Kamal; Hinneh, Thomas Kwadwo; Hiraike, Yuta; Hoan, Nguyen Quoc; Holla, Ramesh; Hon, Julia; Hoque, Mohammad Enamul; Horita, Nobuyuki; Hossain, Sahadat; Hosseini, Seyed Ehsan; Hosseinzadeh, Hassan; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi; Hostiuc, Mihaela; Hostiuc, Sorin; Hoven, Hanno; Hsairi, Mohamed; Hsu, Johnathan M; Hu, Chengxi; Huang, Junjie; Huda, Md Nazmul; Hulland, Erin N; Hultström, Michael; Hushmandi, Kiavash; Hussain, Javid; Hussein, Nawfal R; Huynh, Chantal K; Huynh, Hong-Han; Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel; Idowu, Oluwatope Olaniyi; Ihler, Audrey L; Ikeda, Nayu; Ikuta, Kevin S; Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen; Ilic, Irena M; Ilic, Milena D; Imam, Mohammad Tarique; Immurana, Mustapha; Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja; Irham, Lalu Muhammad; Isa, Mustafa Alhaji; Islam, Md Rabiul; Ismail, Faisal; Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah; Iso, Hiroyasu; Isola, Gaetano; Iwagami, Masao; Iwu, Chidozie CD; Iwu-Jaja, Chinwe Juliana; J, Vinothini; Jaafari, Jalil; Jacob, Louis; Jacobsen, Kathryn H; Jadidi-Niaragh, Farhad; Jahankhani, Kasra; Jahanmehr, Nader; Jahrami, Haitham; Jain, Akhil; Jain, Nityanand; Jairoun, Ammar Abdulrahman; Jaiswal, Abhishek; Jakovljevic, Mihajlo; Jalilzadeh Yengejeh, Reza; Jamora, Roland Dominic G; Jatau, Abubakar Ibrahim; Javadov, Sabzali; Javaheri, Tahereh; Jayaram, Shubha; Jeganathan, Jayakumar; Jeswani, Bijay Mukesh; Jiang, Heng; Johnson, Catherine O; Jokar, Mohammad; Jomehzadeh, Nabi; Jonas, Jost B; Joo, Tamas; Joseph, Abel; Joseph, Nitin; Joshi, Vivek; Joshua, Charity Ehimwenma; Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy; Jürisson, Mikk; Kaambwa, Billingsley; Kabir, Ali; Kabir, Zubair; Kadashetti, Vidya; Kahn, Ethan M; Kalani, Rizwan; Kaliyadan, Feroze; Kalra, Sanjay; Kamath, Rajesh; Kanagasabai, Thanigaivelan; Kanchan, Tanuj; Kandel, Himal; Kanmiki, Edmund Wedam; Kanmodi, Kehinde Kazeem; Kansal, Sushil Kumar; Kapner, Daniel John; Kapoor, Neeti; Karagiannidis, Efstratios; Karajizadeh, Mehrdad; Karakasis, Paschalis; Karanth, Shama D; Karaye, Ibraheem M; Karch, André; Karim, Asima; Karimi, Hanie; Karmakar, Shilpi; Kashoo, Faizan Zaffar; Kasraei, Hengameh; Kassahun, Woldeteklehaymanot Dagne; Kassebaum, Nicholas J; Kassel, Molly B; Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal; Kauppila, Joonas H; Kawakami, Norito; Kaydi, Neda; Kayode, Gbenga A; Kazemi, Foad; Keiyoro, Peter Njenga; Kemmer, Laura; Kempen, John H; Kerr, Jessica A; Kesse-Guyot, Emmanuelle; Khader, Yousef Saleh; Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif; Khajuria, Himanshu; Khalaji, Amirmohammad; Khalil, Mariam; Khalilian, Alireza; Khamesipour, Faham; Khan, Asaduzzaman; Khan, M Nuruzzaman; Khan, Maseer; Khan, Mohammad Jobair; Khan, Moien AB; Khanmohammadi, Shaghayegh; Khatab, Khaled; Khatatbeh, Haitham; Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad; Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli; Khavandegar, Armin; Khayat Kashani, Hamid Reza; Khidri, Feriha Fatima; Khodadoust, Elaheh; Khormali, Moein; Khorrami, Zahra; Khosla, Atulya Aman; Khosrowjerdi, Mahmood; Khreis, Haneen; Khusun, Helda; Kifle, Zemene Demelash; Kim, Kwanghyun; Kim, Min Seo; Kim, Yun Jin; Kimokoti, Ruth W; Kisa, Adnan; Kisa, Sezer; Knibbs, Luke D; Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo; Koh, David SQ; Kolahi, Ali-Asghar; Kompani, Farzad; Kong, Jianqiu; Koren, Gerbrand; Korja, Miikka; Korshunov, Vladimir Andreevich; Korzh, Oleksii; Kosen, Soewarta; Kothari, Nikhil; Koul, Parvaiz A; Koulmane Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi; Krishan, Kewal; Krishnamoorthy, Vijay; Krishnamoorthy, Yuvaraj; Krishnan, Bindu; Krohn, Kris J; Kuate Defo, Barthelemy; Kucuk Bicer, Burcu; Kuddus, Md Abdul; Kuddus, Mohammed; Kugbey, Nuworza; Kuitunen, Ilari; Kulimbet, Mukhtar; Kulkarni, Vishnutheertha; Kumar, Ashish; Kumar, Nithin; Kumar, Vijay; Kundu, Satyajit; Kurmi, Om P; Kusnali, Asep; Kusuma, Dian; Kutluk, Tezer; La Vecchia, Carlo; Ladan, Muhammad Awwal; Laflamme, Lucie; Lahariya, Chandrakant; Lai, Daphne Teck Ching; Lal, Dharmesh Kumar; Lallukka, Tea; Lám, Judit; Lan, Qing; Lan, Tuo; Landires, Iván; Lanfranchi, Francesco; Langguth, Berthold; Lansingh, Van Charles; Laplante-Lévesque, Ariane; Larijani, Bagher; Larsson, Anders O; Lasrado, Savita; Lauriola, Paolo; Le, Huu-Hoai; Le, Long Khanh Dao; Le, Nhi Huu Hanh; Le, Thao Thi Thu; Leasher, Janet L; Ledda, Caterina; Lee, Munjae; Lee, Paul H; Lee, Seung Won; Lee, Shaun Wen Huey; Lee, Yo Han; LeGrand, Kate E; Leigh, James; Leong, Elvynna; Lerango, Temesgen L; Lescinsky, Haley; Leung, Janni; Li, Ming-Chieh; Li, Wang-Zhong; Li, Wei; Li, Yichong; Li, Zhihui; Ligade, Virendra S; Lim, Lee-Ling; Lim, Stephen S; Lin, Ro-Ting; Lin, Shuzhi; Liu, Chaojie; Liu, Gang; Liu, Jinli; Liu, Jue; Liu, Richard T; Liu, Shiwei; Liu, Wei; Liu, Xiaofeng; Liu, Xuefeng; Livingstone, Katherine M; Llanaj, Erand; Lohiya, Ayush; López-Bueno, Rubén; Lopukhov, Platon D; Lorkowski, Stefan; Lotufo, Paulo A; Lozano, Rafael; Lubinda, Jailos; Lucchetti, Giancarlo; Luo, Lisha; lv, Hengliang; M Amin, Hawraz Ibrahim; Ma, Zheng Feei; Maass, Kelsey Lynn; Mabrok, Mahmoud; Machairas, Nikolaos; Machoy, Monika; Mafhoumi, Asma; Magdy Abd El Razek, Mohammed; Maghazachi, Azzam A; Mahadeshwara Prasad, DR; Maharaj, Sandeep B; Mahmoud, Mansour Adam; Mahmoudi, Elham; Majeed, Azeem; Makram, Omar Mohamed; Makris, Konstantinos Christos; Malasala, Satyaveni; Maled, Venkatesh; Malhotra, Kashish; Malik, Ahmad Azam; Malik, Iram; Malinga, Lesibana Anthony; Malta, Deborah Carvalho; Mamun, Abdullah A; Manda, Ana Laura; Manla, Yosef; Mansour, Ali; Mansouri, Borhan; Mansouri, Pejman; Mansourian, Marjan; Mansournia, Mohammad Ali; Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni; Manu, Emmanuel; Marateb, Hamid Reza; Maravilla, Joemer C; Marsh, Elizabeth; Martinez, Gabriel; Martinez-Piedra, Ramon; Martini, Santi; Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio; Martorell, Miquel; Marx, Wolfgang; Maryam, Sharmeen; Mathangasinghe, Yasith; Mathioudakis, Alexander G; Matozinhos, Fernanda Penido; Mattumpuram, Jishanth; Maugeri, Andrea; Maulik, Pallab K; Mayeli, Mahsa; Mazidi, Mohsen; Mazzotti, Antonio; McGrath, John J; McKee, Martin; McKowen, Anna Laura W; McLaughlin, Susan A; McPhail, Michael A; McPhail, Steven M; Mechili, Enkeleint A; Mehmood, Asim; Mehmood, Khalid; Mehrabani-Zeinabad, Kamran; Mehrabi Nasab, Entezar; Meier, Toni; Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola; Mekene Meto, Tesfahun; Mekonnen, Birye Dessalegn; Menezes, Ritesh G; Mengist, Belayneh; Mensah, George A; Mensah, Laverne G; Mentis, Alexios-Fotios A; Meo, Sultan Ayoub; Meretoja, Atte; Meretoja, Tuomo J; Mersha, Abera M; Mesfin, Bezawit Afework; Mestrovic, Tomislav; Mettananda, Kukulege Chamila Dinushi; 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Mossialos, Elias; Motappa, Rohith; Mougin, Vincent; Mousavi, Parsa; Msherghi, Ahmed; Mubarik, Sumaira; Muccioli, Lorenzo; Mueller, Ulrich Otto; Mulita, Francesk; Mullany, Erin C; Munjal, Kavita; Murillo-Zamora, Efrén; Murlimanju, BV; Musina, Ana-Maria; Mustafa, Ghulam; Muthu, Sathish; Muthupandian, Saravanan; Muthusamy, Raman; Muzaffar, Muhammad; Myung, Woojae; Nafei, Ayoub; Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman; Nagaraju, Shankar Prasad; Nagel, Gabriele; Naghavi, Mohsen; Naghavi, Pirouz; Naik, Ganesh R; Naik, Gurudatta; Nainu, Firzan; Nair, Tapas Sadasivan; Najdaghi, Soroush; Nakhostin Ansari, Noureddin; Nanavaty, Dhairya P; Nangia, Vinay; Narasimha Swamy, Sreenivas; Narimani Davani, Delaram; Nascimento, Bruno Ramos; Nascimento, Gustavo G; Nashwan, Abdulqadir J; Natto, Zuhair S; Nauman, Javaid; Navaratna, Samidi NK; Naveed, Muhammad; Nayak, Biswa Prakash; Nayak, Vinod C; Ndejjo, Rawlance; Nduaguba, Sabina Onyinye; Negash, Hadush; Negoi, Ionut; Negoi, Ruxandra Irina; Nejadghaderi, Seyed Aria; Nejjari, Chakib; Nematollahi, Mohammad Hadi; Nepal, Samata; Neupane, Subas; Ng, Marie; Nguefack-Tsague, Georges; Ngunjiri, Josephine W; Nguyen, Dang H; Nguyen, Nhien Ngoc Y; Nguyen, Phat Tuan; Nguyen, Phuong The; Nguyen, Van Thanh; Nguyen Tran Minh, Duc; Niazi, Robina Khan; Nicholson, Sneha Ingle; Nie, Jing; Nikoobar, Ali; Nikpoor, Amin Reza; Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini; Nnaji, Chukwudi A; Noman, Efaq Ali; Nomura, Shuhei; Noroozi, Nafise; Norrving, Bo; Noubiap, Jean Jacques; Nri-Ezedi, Chisom Adaobi; Ntaios, George; Ntsekhe, Mpiko; Nunemo, Mengistu H; Nurrika, Dieta; Nutor, Jerry John; Oancea, Bogdan; O'Connell, Erin M; Odetokun, Ismail A; O'Donnell, Martin James; Oduro, Michael Safo; Ogunfowokan, Adesola Adenike; Ogunkoya, Abiola; Oh, In-Hwan; Okati-Aliabad, Hassan; Okeke, Sylvester Reuben; Okekunle, Akinkunmi Paul; Okonji, Osaretin Christabel; Olagunju, Andrew T; Olasupo, Omotola O; Olatubi, Matthew Idowu; Oliveira, Arão Belitardo; Oliveira, Gláucia Maria Moraes; Olorukooba, Abdulhakeem Abayomi; Olufadewa, Isaac Iyinoluwa; Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola; Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun; Oluwafemi, Yinka Doris; Omar, Hany A; Omar Bali, Ahmed; Omer, Goran Latif; Ong, Kanyin Liane; Ong, Sokking; Onwujekwe, Obinna E; Onyedibe, Kenneth Ikenna; Oppong, Anita Frimpomaa; Ordak, Michal; Orish, Verner N; Ornello, Raffaele; Orpana, Heather M; Ortiz, Alberto; Ortiz-Prado, Esteban; Osman, Wael MS; Ostroff, Samuel M; Osuagwu, Uchechukwu Levi; Otoiu, Adrian; Otstavnov, Nikita; Otstavnov, Stanislav S; Ouyahia, Amel; Owolabi, Mayowa O; Oyeyemi, Ifeoluwa Temitayo; Oyeyemi, Oyetunde T; P A, Mahesh Padukudru; Pacheco-Barrios, Kevin; Padron-Monedero, Alicia; Padubidri, Jagadish Rao; Pal, Pramod Kumar; Palicz, Tamás; Pan, Feng; Pan, Hai-Feng; Pana, Adrian; Panda, Sujogya K; Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra; Pandey, Ashok; Pandi-Perumal, Seithikurippu R; Pangaribuan, Helena Ullyartha; Pantazopoulos, Ioannis; Pantea Stoian, Anca Mihaela; Papadopoulou, Paraskevi; Parent, Marie C; Parija, Pragyan Paramita; Parikh, Romil R; 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Global Burden and Strength of Evidence for 88 Risk Factors in 204 Countries and 811 Subnational Locations, 1990–2021: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

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2024

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Brauer, Michael

Roth, Gregory A

Aravkin, Aleksandr Y

Zheng, Peng

Abate, Kalkidan Hassen

Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis

Abbafati, Cristiana

Abbasgholizadeh, Rouzbeh

Abbasi, Madineh Akram

Abbasian, Mohammadreza

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Elsevier BV

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11 Medical and Health Sciences , General & Internal Medicine , 32 Biomedical and clinical sciences , 42 Health sciences

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The Lancet, ISSN: 0140-6736 (Print), Elsevier BV, 403(10440), 2162-2203. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00933-4

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10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00933-4

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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673624009334

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Global Burden and Strength of Evidence for 88 Risk Factors in 204 Countries and 811 Subnational Locations, 1990–2021: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

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