Rocker Geometry in Running Footwear: A Scoping Review of Definitions, Commercial Descriptors and Outcome Measures

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Rockered midsoles are increasingly used in running footwear, yet definitions, terminology and outcome measures vary widely across research and commercial sectors.

AIM: This scoping review mapped how rockers are defined in academic literature, how major footwear brands describe them and which outcome measures are most frequently evaluated.

METHODS: A scoping review was conducted using systematic searches of four academic databases, identifying 19 eligible studies. Commercial materials from eight leading footwear brands were also examined to assess nonacademic descriptions of rocker features.

RESULTS: Academic sources used diverse terminology and geometric descriptors, such as apex position, rocker angle, curvature radius and toe spring, but no consistent definition or threshold for classifying a rocker was identified. Commercial descriptions relied on qualitative brand-specific language lacking measurable parameters. Research reported a wide range of outcome measures, most commonly kinematic, kinetic and plantar pressure variables, with fewer studies assessing muscle activation or metabolism and none reporting prospective injury outcomes. This variability reflects differing proposed functions but limits comparability across studies.

CONCLUSION: Definitions and assessments of rocker designs vary substantially across academic and commercial contexts, limiting the ability to develop evidence-based clinical recommendations. A standardised measurable definition of rocker geometry would improve comparability between models and enhance clarity when communicating their effects. Future work should prioritise consensus building and examine individual-level biomechanical and clinical responses to clearly defined rocker designs to better inform clinical recommendations.