Stackelberg-Nash Game Based Collaborative Optimal Low-Carbon Scheduling of Multiple Integrated Multi-Energy Systems via Peer-to-Peer Trading
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Liu, Yang
Yang, Bo
Yang, Ning
Zhou, Shuai
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Tech Science Press
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To tackle the challenges of economic operation and low-carbon transition faced by integrated multi-energy systems (IMES) in the energy transition, this paper proposes a bi-level optimization framework considering electricity, heat, hydrogen, methane and peer-to-peer (P2P) electricity trading. Specifically, the framework constructs a Stackelberg game involving IMES operator (IMESO) and load aggregators (LAs), which aims to maximize IMESO’s revenue and maximize the residual interests of LAs. Meanwhile, a Nash bargaining game is established for cooperation among multiple IMES through peer-to-peer (P2P) electricity trading, with the goals of maximizing the total revenue of the alliance and achieving a fair distribution of revenue. In the optimization process, technologies such as hydrogen blending system (HBS), water electrolysis (EL) for hydrogen production, and carbon capture system (CCS) are fully leveraged, and demand response (DR) mechanism is integrated. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly improves the total economic revenue of the system and reduces carbon emissions. Specifically, compared with the operation mode only considering DR without cooperative game, the proposed two-level game model not only achieves 60.31% carbon emission reduction, but also achieves 133.5% increase in total system revenue; compared with the mode only considering cooperative game without DR, it reduces total carbon emissions by 8.00% and increases total revenue by 26.02%.
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4901 Applied Mathematics, 40 Engineering, 49 Mathematical Sciences, Hepatitis, Digestive Diseases, Liver Disease, 7 Affordable and Clean Energy, 0914 Resources Engineering and Extractive Metallurgy, Energy, Integrated multi-energy system, Stackelberg game, demand response, carbon capture, peer-to-peer trading
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Energy Engineering Journal of the Association of Energy Engineering, ISSN: 0199-8595 (Print); 1546-0118 (Online), Tech Science Press, 123(11), 1-10. doi: 10.32604/ee.2026.083523
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Copyright © 2026 The Author(s). Published by Tech Science Press.
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Except where otherwise noted, this item's license is described as Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License