Social Frailty in the Context of Healthy Ageing in Aotearoa New Zealand

Abstract

<jats:p>For many older adults, maintaining optimal physical and cognitive function is more important than longevity. To optimise functional ability for older adults, developing a comprehensive understanding of the intersection of different determinants of healthy ageing from the perspectives of a group of diverse older persons is essential. The current research aimed to explore the essence of social frailty within the context of healthy ageing. We conducted seven focus groups consisting of 43 older Māori, Pacific people aged 55+ and non‐Māori/non‐Pacific people aged 65+, who are part of the culturally diverse landscape of Aotearoa New Zealand, to explore what social frailty meant to this cohort. The interviews were audio‐recorded, and the data analysed using an inductive thematic analysis approach. Four themes emerged from the data with cultural backgrounds embedded within the intricate nexus of these: (1) physical and cognitive health, (2) mindset, (3) resources and (4) connections. Declining physical or cognitive health can impact an individual’s confidence and motivation to maintain social connections, potentially leading to loneliness and isolation. Mindset, influenced by belief systems and cultural backgrounds, plays a pivotal role in activating (e.g., competency) and accessing (e.g., healthcare services) resources for physical and mental health and fostering social connections. The theme ‘Connections’ extends beyond family, friends and community to include aspects of whakapapa (genealogy) and spirituality. These findings informed the development of a social frailty framework that best characterises Aotearoa New Zealand. This research, conducted through interviews with older adults residing in the community, has enriched our understanding of social frailty. The cultural context lens is important because it reveals differences, both obvious and nuanced, in how people from diverse cultural backgrounds view social frailty. These insights extend a Euro‐centric perspective of social frailty by acknowledging the role culture plays within the context of healthy ageing.</jats:p>