Implementing Health Coaching for People With Long-Term Conditions: A Scoping Review

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: The rising global burden of chronic diseases has compelled healthcare practitioners to bolster their role in supporting individuals with long-term conditions in managing their health and well-being. Demand for health coaching continues to grow, but a limited body of knowledge makes it challenging to develop fit-for-purpose practitioner training. AIM: This study aims to examine what is known about how to implement health coaching for people with long-term conditions. METHODS: Health databases were searched to identify peer-reviewed research articles. Data extraction was undertaken using a tool developed by the authors, and findings were charted, summarised and synthesised. RESULTS: Seventy-six studies were included. Health coaching interventions span 17 different long-term conditions, are delivered by various providers (55% dedicated health coaches, 28% nurses) and occur primarily in community and public health settings (78%). Fundamental implementation guidance remains absent. With 69% lacking any named theoretical basis and 62% of studies failing to report training duration, practitioners receive inconsistent preparation for coaching patients with complex needs. DISCUSSION: We found conceptual confusion and ambiguity across studies. Advancing the field will require identification of key theories, transferable core components and competency-based training standards. Themes of theorising, tailoring and training recur throughout this review. We offer a conceptual framework that synthesises concepts and bridges theory and practice, thus supporting practitioners to deliver person-centred coaching.