COVID-19 Borrowings, Fiscal Consolidation, Tax Reforms and Geopolitical Implications for Samoa and Tonga
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Authors
Yong, Sue
Maples, Andrew
Supervisor
Item type
Journal Article
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Journal ISSN
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Publisher
Thomson Reuters
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic triggered unprecedented global challenges, leading many countries to resort to extraordinary fiscal measures, including significant borrowings to mitigate the health, social, and economic impacts. Samoa and Tonga, two Pacific Island nations with small, open economies, were not immune to these global pressures. Both countries experienced significant economic disruptions due to the pandemic, particularly in critical sectors like tourism and remittances. These countries resorted to external borrowing to address the immediate fiscal needs of combating the pandemic, sustaining public health systems, and supporting their economies. To address the economic fallout caused by COVID-19, Samoa and Tonga turned to international borrowing, including loans from multilateral institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, and the Asian Development Bank (ADB). While these borrowings were necessary to address the pandemic’s immediate economic and public health challenges, they have significantly increased the debt burdens of both countries. Rising debt levels, economic contraction, and limited revenue sources have strained public finances and heightened their debt levels (and risk of debt distress). To address their levels of debt, both Samoa and Tonga have implemented strategies for prudent debt management, fiscal consolidation, tax reforms, and getting support from the international community for economic recovery. However, the challenges of debt sustainability remain, particularly given the continued vulnerability of these countries to external shocks. Samoa and Tonga have historically occupied a strategic geopolitical position, often becoming focal points in more significant international power dynamics. Over the last decade, the region has witnessed growing geopolitical competition between the United States and China, with both nations seeking to extend their influence. The COVID-19 pandemic intensified these dynamics due to their increased external borrowings and heightened the risk of debt distress. While the borrowings were primarily for pandemic response, they have broader geopolitical concerns, particularly regarding China’s role as a critical creditor in the Pacific and the implications of these debts for the influence of external powers, including the United States. This article explores the linkages between COVID-19 borrowings, fiscal consolidation and high debt levels (and potential debt distress) in Samoa and Tonga- along with suggestions for raising further revenue – and the broader geopolitical tensions between the United States and China.Description
Keywords
350108 Taxation accounting, 1501 Accounting, Auditing and Accountability, 1801 Law, 3501 Accounting, auditing and accountability, 4801 Commercial law
Source
New Zealand Journal of Taxation Law and Policy (2025) 31 NZJTLP 283, ISSN: 1322-4417 (Print); 1322-4417 (Online), 31(September), 283-307.
DOI
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This is the Author's Accepted Manuscript of an article published in the New Zealand Journal of Taxation Law and Policy © 2025 Thomson Reuters. All rights reserved. The published version is available from https://store.thomsonreuters.co.nz/new-zealand-journal-of-taxation-law-and-policy/productdetail/121315