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  •   Open Research
  • AUT Faculties
  • Faculty of Design and Creative Technologies (Te Ara Auaha)
  • School of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences - Te Kura Mātai Pūhanga, Rorohiko, Pāngarau
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Plug-in Electric Bus Depot Charging with PV and ESS and Their Impact on LV Feeder

Arif, SM; Lie, TT; Seet, BC; Ahsan, SM; Khan, HA
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http://hdl.handle.net/10292/13312
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Abstract
Plug-in electric buses (PEBs) are a promising alternative to conventional buses to provide a sustainable, economical, and efficient mode of transportation. However, electrification of public transportation leads to a phenomenon of peak load that impacts the stability of low voltage (LV) feeders. In this context, the effective integration of an energy storage system (ESS) and photovoltaic (PV) in a bus depot charging ecosystem can lead to i) peak load reduction and ii) charging cost reduction with low carbon emission. Therefore, a limited PEB charge scheduling algorithm is proposed for: i) bus depot operator (BDO) profit maximization and ii) grid stability enhancement considering the constraints of PEB charging and grids. A mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model for BDO profit maximization has been formulated and analyzed using IBM ILOG studio with CPLEX solver. Simulation has been performed for SkyBus electric fleet using real-world data such as actual bus arrival and departure schedules under diverse traffic, number of passengers, trip duration, daily load profile, solar radiation profile, and benchmark storage price. The charging impact of PEBs was tested on one of the distribution feeders in Auckland, New Zealand. The BDO generates revenue by performing energy trading among PV, ESS, PEBs, and buildings after incorporating capital investment, operation and maintenance, and depreciation costs.
Keywords
Plug-in electric bus; Limited/unlimited charge scheduling algorithm; Bus depot operator; Energy storage system; Low voltage feeder
Source
Energies, 13(9), 2139. doi:10.3390/en13092139
Item Type
Journal Article
Publisher
MDPI AG
DOI
10.3390/en13092139
Publisher's Version
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/9/2139
Rights Statement
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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