Masters Dissertations

Permanent link for this collection

https://hdl.handle.net/10292/476

The Masters Dissertations collection contains digital copies of AUT University masters dissertations deposited with the Library since 2007 and made available open access. From 2007 onwards, all dissertations for masters degrees awarded are required to be deposited in Tuwhera Open Theses & Dissertations unless subject to an embargo.

Dissertations submitted prior to 2007 are usually recorded in the AUT Library catalogue where the full text, if available, may be accessed with an AUT password. Other people should request an Interlibrary Loan through their library.

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3 Feet Under: Is the Traditional Hāngī in Danger of a Cultural Disappearance?
(Auckland University of Technology, 2018) Richardson, Robert
The sharing of familiar foods is but one of the ways a cultural group identifies itself. But what happens if a cultural group begins to lose touch with its food traditions? How does the growing disappearance of these culinary cultural markers affect a cultural groups sense of identity and its spiritual and ancestral connections? In today’s Māori society, the hāngī is one of the last remaining traditional food preparation techniques still in use, but its use in its traditional form is growing more infrequent. Prior to European arrival in New Zealand, the hāngī (earth oven or umu) was used daily as the primary technique for the cooking of kai (Belich, 2007; Leach, 2010). The gradual introduction of European cooking techniques and oven apparatus has relegated the use of the traditional hāngī technique to hui or times of celebration and loss - particularly on the marae (Leach, 2010; Salmond, 1975). Yet even that role is quickly disappearing. Today’s marae kitchens are now equipped like a commercial restaurant or hotel kitchen, while there is now an increasing array of gas fired portable “hāngī” or MultiKai cookers (Coster, 2016; "MultiKai Hāngī Cookers," n.d.; "Te Kohatu Hangi Cookers," n.d.). In this research project, I set out to explore the cultural significance of the hāngī as a cooking technique within Māori society through the voices of those familiar with Te Ao Māori. Food itself continues to play an important part of Māori social gatherings through the concept of manaakitanga, but, in the instance of a hui for example, does it matter in any way if the food is not cooked in the traditional hāngī? Does the non-use of the hāngī as the cooking technique reflect in any way on the prestige of the event and/or on the mana of either guest or host? Through key informant interviews, this research project found two clear, very differing outlooks in how the hāngī is viewed and valued that depended on a person’s personal background. For those that grew up within a strong Māori culture, it is not the hāngī itself that they miss but the times when the events were bigger and more regular. It is these nostalgic recollections around which their affinity with the hāngī is based. For those whose interactions with it began later in life, the hāngī has not only provided a window into Māori culture, but provides both a professional and financial opportunity. But as seen in this study, of arguably greater importance is the role the hāngī plays as a cultural gathering and learning space within Māori culture. It is around the hāngī that many aspects of tikanga, social and environmental protocols, and manaaki are learnt. In doing so, the hāngī provides an anchoring point around which this process of cultural reaffirmation can take place. It is this aspect of the hāngī – the social and cultural educational opportunities that it provides – that this study highlights to be its most valuable today, and is the aspect that Māori are most likely to lose if the hāngī continues to shift to a more commercial practice.
A blueprint for the interpretation of GST Act 1985 with reference to Privy Council and Supreme Court decisions
(Auckland University of Technology, 2010) Yunting, Lu
GST is a substantial revenue raiser for New Zealand. It has been internationally acclaimed and adopted by other countries. The framework for the tax is prescribed by the Goods and Services Tax Act 1985 (“the Act”). Under the Act, GST is charged on a supply of goods and services made in New Zealand on or after 1 October 1986 by a registered person in the course or furtherance of a taxable activity which is not an exempt supply.2 Given the fiscal significance of GST, the Act is a significant piece of legislation. How is this significant legislation to be read and applied? This paper interprets some of the leading court decisions. It is, of course, the role of the courts to interpret and apply the Act. The higher the court the more authoritative the decision, and the more likely its reasoning is to be applied in subsequent cases. The decisions of the highest court – the Privy Council and, more recently, the Supreme Court – should therefore be accorded great weight when interpreting GST law. The paper therefore analyses threshold decisions of the Privy Council and the Supreme Court on the Act.
A comparative analysis of New Zealand and Australian offshore investment rules
(Auckland University of Technology, 2008) Mahabir, Sujan Sanjay
The deregulation of major world economies led to increased globalisation of enterprises which provided opportunities for New Zealand and Australian taxpayers to expand or move their businesses offshore. The globalisation brought niche opportunities for businesses to develop profitable offshore operations. The growth in offshore investments triggered the problems associated with the erosion of the New Zealand and Australian tax base. The risk in New Zealand was identified by the Labour led Government in the early 1980’s; when New Zealand entities began investing in tax haven countries to take advantage of lower tax rates in these countries. As a result in late 1980’s, New Zealand and Australia introduced offshore investment rules. The reasons for the introductions of the offshore investment rules by the two countries were similar, but the rules differed in a number of ways. One of the main differences was that New Zealand did not differentiate between active and passive activities. On the other hand, the Australian tax rules exempt active business activities carried out offshore. Recently, the New Zealand Government announced that it is reviewing the Controlled Foreign Company (CFC) rules and like Australia, New Zealand CFC rules would exempt active income from tax; and only passive income would attract income tax. This dissertation explores and compares the development of offshore investment rules in Australia and New Zealand. The exploration of the offshore investment rules involves a comparison of the history, economic theories, and tax avoidance possibilities. The main area of focus of this study is the CFC and Foreign Investment Fund (FIF) rules.
A Comparative Study of Cosmetic Brands’ Discursive Appeals to Their Consumers on Weibo and Twitter
(Auckland University of Technology, 2023) Gao, Qianwen
In today's interconnected global landscape, international cosmetic brands have adopted increasingly sophisticated discursive strategies to appeal to their audiences across various online platforms. Notably, their focus lies on Twitter and Weibo, two important social media platforms that cater to distinct market segments, each with its own language and cultural influences. This study explores how these international cosmetic brands tailor their advertisements to appeal to Chinese audiences on Weibo and Western audiences on Twitter. It involves a mixed- method thematic discourse analysis of 160 posts of online cosmetic advertisements, collected from the official accounts of eight international cosmetic brands across both Twitter and Weibo. The analysis identified the recurring key appeals in the posts and the discursive strategies used to structure these appeals, ultimately facilitating the observation of the similarities and differences in how international cosmetic brands engage with their audiences on Weibo and Twitter. The findings show that while there are many similarities, for certain appeals the brands optimise their social media content to align more specifically with the cultural preferences and language nuances of each platform, tailoring their linguistic content accordingly. This approach allows them to effectively resonate with their target audiences, expand their brand reach, and foster a stronger online presence in the global beauty market.
A Compromised Role? Secondary School Heads of Faculty Priorities During Times of Initiative Intensity
(Auckland University of Technology, 2024) Moorhead, Claire
Intentional educational change in the form of policy reform and initiatives is a significant feature of the present New Zealand education landscape. This is particularly evident in the secondary education sector, which is currently experiencing significant policy reform through initiatives such as the Curriculum Refresh and the Review of Achievement Standards for the NCEA qualification system. Such policy initiatives have a notable impact on the middle leaders in secondary schools by virtue of their unique positioning as conduits between strategic direction and classroom practice. In this context, they have a position of significant responsibility and influence in relation to the translation of change-motivated policy initiatives to practice. This study aimed to explore how Heads of Faculty (HOFs) in New Zealand secondary schools experience initiative implementation in their middle curriculum leadership roles. It specifically considered the impacts that this work, and consequent intensification of workload has on the other elements of their roles, and the ways that they feel able to exercise their leadership practice in this context. A dual-methods approach was applied to this study, where eight HOFs were anonymously surveyed online, and this was followed by four semi-structured interviews that were conducted with participants who self-volunteered at the end of the survey. The use of these methods provided data that communicated the experiences of participants implementing policy initiatives as well as personal narratives to support understanding of the impacts on their roles and leadership practice. An interpretivist approach was applied to thematically analyse the findings. Discussion of the findings generated in this study and its relationship to existing literature led to conclusions that initiative implementation contributes to a notable intensification of workload for HOFs, and that this impacts their capacity to effectively carry out other aspects of their roles. The resulting prioritisation of role-related tasks is influenced by a range of internal and external factors and the extent to which each of these influence individual HOFs is driven by a range of contextual factors. In response to these conclusions, this study offers recommendations for future practice that are intended to support HOFs to manage their intensified workload to reach better outcomes in their day-to-day roles and initiative implementation work. These recommendations address each of the layers of influence which structure the discussion.
A content analysis of ecotourism attributes of New Zealand whale and dolphin watching operators’ presence on the Internet
(Auckland University of Technology, 2014) Sun, Xiaoshu
Since the 1980s, ecotourism has experienced a dramatic growth worldwide. Ecotourism comes with a definitional promise to promote responsible travel to natural areas, make a positive contribution to environmental conservation, and enhance the well-being of local communities. Recent years have seen whale watching tourism gaining great popularity, which originally was considered an excellent form of tourism to protect the marine wildlife and a number of benefits to the environment and local communities have since been identified. However, marine experts expressed concerns with regard to the potential negative impacts on the cetaceans and the whole marine system. Whale watching tour operators are one of the most important stakeholders of the local environment and community, which have responsibilities to protect the marine animals and environment, and various principles and legal regulations that they have to comply with. In order to maximize the benefits for the environment, community and tourists’ experience, there is a significant need for research on whale watching operators. This study was designed to examine the operators in the New Zealand context. New Zealand is considered as one of the most popular whale watching countries in the world. In the years since New Zealand progressed from whaling to whale conservation, whale watching tourism has become one of the most important sectors in ecotourism. Websites are a common medium for business operators to introduce and promote themselves by presenting their contributions for environmental conservation and social development. Thus, in order to have a better understanding of the New Zealand whale watching operators’ performance in ecotourism, it is necessary to develop detailed insights into the efforts they are making for the local environment, community and the tourists through analysing their websites. Sixty-four New Zealand whale watching operators who have a website were identified, and a thorough content analysis was employed to study them. The research results revealed that many operators consider themselves as eco-operators. Almost half of the operators presented Qualmarks, which is the New Zealand tourism certification defined by strict environmentally and socially responsible criteria. It was found that various forms of contributions were made for many aspects of ecotourism, which are classified and discussed in different groups respectively. Whale watching is a significant sector in ecotourism, involving great efforts from all stakeholders. This study shows that although a variety of contributions made for ecotourism are presented by New Zealand operators on their websites, their participation in many of these contributions is relatively low.
A critical evaluation of policies and programmes that mitigate the effects of free trade on unemployment
(Auckland University of Technology, 2008) Zhang, Nan
Free trade is a net gain to both trading partners in general. However, trade liberalization does harm some inefficient industries. This research will check various labor market policies and programmes that might be used to reduce the effects on the people who lose jobs from free trade. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate programmes such as Trade Adjustment Assistance programmes, wage insurance, wage subsidy and training subsidy, using qualitative means to critically evaluate such schemes, especially in the context of the New Zealand labour market. This research provides seven optional labour market policy strategies to the New Zealand government for future labour policy consideration.
A framework for intercultural training in hotel workplaces
(Auckland University of Technology, 2008) Xu, Li
More and more cultural conflicts have affected the efficiency of the employees’ performance at a lot of international hotel workplaces and it is believed that employees from different cultural backgrounds will have to improve their communication skills. An intercultural training programme is needed in order to prepare multicultural employees for surprises that could arise in complex cultural situations without being frustrated, stressed, and puzzled. The purpose of this study is to design an effective intercultural training programme especially for hotel operations, to enhance the quality of international service, retain the current customers and attract more international customers. The new training programme is designed to help employees feel comfortable in problematic cultural situations and gain the necessary problem solving skills. There are some cross-cultural or intercultural training programmes available on the market and some of the international hotel chains also have their own intercultural training programmes, but most of them are only designed to compare some major national cultures or targeted on coaching specific cultures or countries. It is thought that those programmes are not good enough to help hotel employees cope with cultural problems and conflicts. Therefore, a new intercultural training programme will be developed to meet the actual needs. The new intercultural training programme will be developed by synthesising some other researchers’ relative studies and combining with Harzing’s Cross-cultural Training Model and Hofstede’s Ten Synthetic Culture Model. The case study and semi-structured interviews are suggested to be used for training needs assessment, and lectures, case study, film and computer-based training are recommended as the coaching methods. There will be questionnaires and observations to evaluate the effectiveness of this training programme. One of the challenges for this study is that there are not enough systematic cross-cultural or intercultural training programmes available currently and this study has to rely on some limited literature. However, this study is designed to identify the major cultural differences and effectively help trainees understand cultural problems and conflicts, and be prepared for surprises in foreign cultural situations.
A history of the development of New Zealand accounting standards for small and medium enterprises and the future prospects of IFRS for SMEs
(Auckland University of Technology, 2010) Nguyen, Thi Phuong Uyen
With attempts to standardise accounting standards applicable to reporting entities, the International Accounting Standard Board issued the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). IFRS for SMEs aims at reducing the compliance costs for smaller enterprises. This thesis examines the controversies and the reasons that the New Zealand accounting standards body may or may not adopt IFRS for SMEs by providing an account of what was occurring during the period of development, and comments on the appropriateness of its adoption in New Zealand. Historical narrative inquiry methodology is used in this research to investigate issues related to accounting standards for SMEs using the structured framework based on Porter (1981). The thesis is based on documentary evidence found by analysing the historical development of accounting standards for SMEs. The historical narrative inquiry model developed by Colby (2008) is used to structure the research. The historical development of accounting standards in New Zealand shows that IFRS for SMEs is what the business community is waiting for to enhance the confidence of users on SMEs’ accounts. The Framework for Differential Reporting is cost burdensome for SMEs. Since the IFRS for SMEs has not actually been adopted in New Zealand, interviews with business owners are eliminated. The appropriateness of the IFRS for SMEs within New Zealand business tiers is mainly considered. The contribution of this thesis is that it documents the development of the accounting standards and offers understanding of the future prospects of the IFRS for SMEs in New Zealand.
A Kaupapa Māori Study of Pūrākau in Enhancing Understanding of Affective Experience
(Auckland University of Technology, 2023) Whelan, Birgit
Pūrākau are ancient forms of narrative, and this study offers an exploration of one of these pūrākau, which is the story of Hinepūkohurangi. Hinepūkohurangi is the ariā of the mist, and at the heart of this narrative is the theme of impossible longing to hold that which is ephemeral. It is a story about love, loss, and grief. In these themes, there was resonance with personal experiences of loss and bereavement over the years of my psychotherapy training. What emerged was a question about this pūrākau, and how narrative might assist in exploring and processing my affective experience, and offer a sense of emotional catharsis and insight. Over the past twenty years in Aotearoa New Zealand there has been a burgeoning in the literature regarding the therapeutic use of pūrākau. The aim of this study is to contribute to this developing field of research, by considering the efficacy of pūrākau in enhancing understanding of affective experience. To this end, the research question being explored is, how does the pūrākau narrative of Hinepūkohurangi offer understanding of the experience of loss and grief? The findings of this research support the therapeutic effectiveness of pūrākau narratives in exploring emotional experience. In this study, the qualities of metaphor, mythos, narrative holding and autobiographical reflection, which characterise the pūrākau and narrative inquiry process, were noteworthy in this regard. It is further established that pūrākau narrative-based models offer a culturally congruent therapeutic approach with tangata whaiora in Aotearoa New Zealand. A further contribution of this research is a methodological development of the tāniko research method, which is a form of pūrākau narrative inquiry within the Kaupapa Māori paradigm.
A Leadership Intervention Perspective on the Creation, Monitoring and Maintenance of the Group Therapeutic Relationship: A Modified Systematic Literature Review With Clinical Illustrations
(Auckland University of Technology, 2009) Defibaugh, Christopher
A 1991 Gallup Institute survey revealed that 40 per cent of all Americans eighteen years of age and over are involved in small groups that meet regularly and provide care and support for those who participate. The majority of the participants attended the group at least once weekly and had been participating for at least three years. The types of groups being researched in this dissertation I am simply calling ‘therapeutic groups’. Therapeutic process groups’ act as training cultures expressly organised to examine the interpersonal field of the group in search of psychosocial insights and reparative relational experiences for their members. They are defined in terms of three factors: 1) that the group relies on verbal communication, 2) that the individual member is the object of the treatment and 3) that the group itself is the main therapeutic agency. The group exists for the benefit of its individual members and for no other reason. This dissertation is an investigation into what the therapeutic group literature has to contribute to small group leadership. A review of the existing literature has been done on the evaluation of therapeutic group leadership and the effectiveness of their interventions. It is hoped that these findings will give some clear guidelines that can inform the training of group facilitators inside and outside of the professional community. This work investigates what type of group leader interventions the literature suggests make a constructive difference to the group and its individual members. The study examines the research on therapeutic group leadership from a wide variety of literature and gives an overview of the history, evolutionary themes, theory building and ultimately the leadership interventions seen as fundamentally therapeutic for these groups. There is a gap in the literature in regards to models that link group developmental stages, therapeutic factors and leader interventions. The findings of this paper present group leaders with a synthesis and intervention framework of these three critical areas. This contribution demonstrates how the stages of group development are crucial in making maximum therapeutic use of the leader variables, therapeutic factors and in making decisions about appropriate interventions. The framework also allows for greater clarity and utility of these factors and variables. While research in the field of psychotherapy is normally qualitative, this research includes both qualitative and quantitative information.
A longitudinal study of corporate social disclosure in Chinese listed companies’ annual reports: 2002 to 2006
(Auckland University of Technology, 2008) Li, Jinghua Glynn
A growing necessity to include a social dimension in reporting practices raises important questions about the nature of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and its impact on corporate and individual behaviour and performance. CSR reporting acts a tool for the delivery of the internal CSR operation information to outside parties and to lower the level of information asymmetry. Currently CSR reporting practice development is globally imbalanced. The KPMG 2005 CSR survey shows that CSR reporting development in OECD countries is much more advanced than in developing countries. In Asia, evidence shows that many developing countries are moving in a positive direction with reference to corporate social reporting. The objective of this study is to produce a longitudinal analysis of the disclosure levels of CSR reporting in Chinese listed companies which are listed in the Top l00 in 2002 and 2006. The longitudinal perspective would enable an evaluation as to whether Chinese listed companies have included more CSR information in their annual reports (the annual report is commonly regarded as the most influential information tool between management and outside parties). The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), the most popular CSR guideline, is employed and provides instruction for the content categorisation. The reporting content, reporting via industries, reporting location, presentation forms and shareholding evidence are tested. The findings of this study show that over the stated time period there was a rapid increase in CSR reporting by Chinese listed companies in terms of reporting themes and of quantity. Chinese reporting trend is similar to the global increasing trend. However, the level of CSR reporting in China is lower than the world average and this suggests that more government guidelines and corporate social evolvements are preferable. There is much room for improvement, especially in terms of the standards evolved and in reporting quantity. From the industry reporting point of view, it remains important to encourage companies to learn from advanced reporting companies and provide both more comprehensive and more comparable disclosure of information in addition to the minimum regulatory requirements.
A Multiple Case Study Examining the Risk Factors Contributing to Amiodarone Infusion Related Phlebitis in a New Zealand Cardiac Care Centre
(Auckland University of Technology, 2023) Song, Tiqing
Aim: This study aimed to investigate amiodarone infusion related phlebitis in a local cardiac centre in a large metropolitan hospital within Te Whatu Ora- Health New Zealand, focusing on assessing its incidence, identifying contributing factors, evaluating treatment practices and uncovering policy gaps. Background: In hospitals, amiodarone, a widely used antiarrhythmic drug, is mostly administered intravenously via peripheral catheters. However, the incidence of amiodarone infusion related phlebitis, which may lead to severe complications, still needs to be studied more in the context of New Zealand healthcare. Methods: Yin’s case analysis methodology was used to analyse two cases: a seven- year clinical audit from March 2016 to June 2023 in the local cardiac centre and four local policies. Cross case analysis examined the two cases using triangulation to determine the gaps between practice reality and policy and to discover how and why amiodarone infusions occur. Results: The incidence of amiodarone infusion related phlebitis was 8.4%. Contributing factors revealed that intravenous catheter locations were predominantly in the antecubital fossa (63%), and participants had a size 20 or larger cannula in situ (90%). There was a lack of use of the visual infusion phlebitis scores for assessment. Other findings revealed that 45% of phlebitis cases occurred during the amiodarone infusion, and 55% occurred after infusion. Seventy percent of the patients were seen by a doctor and 54% were charted oral antibiotics as treatment. Conclusion: To improve patient outcomes and align with best evidenced guidelines, it is recommended that local policies are updated to address the identified gaps. There is a need to promote nurses’ awareness of amiodarone related phlebitis prevention, especially in relation to which site and gauge cannula should be used, increasing assessment frequency and scoring to assess phlebitis severity. There is a need for monitoring post infusion, alternating warm and cold compresses and arranging timely medical reviews. Other recommendations include using dedicated IV cannulas and inline filters for continuous amiodarone infusions.
A review of the CarePlus survey process at Manaia PHO
(Auckland University of Technology, 2010) Hill, Jayne
CarePlus is a client-centred primary health care programme initiated by the Ministry of Health (MOH) and managed through New Zealand Primary Health Organisations (PHOs). Patients are offered four free visits annually but not everyone takes full advantage of the programme. Manaia PHO wanted to explore reasons for this and to adapt and further improve the programme. This practice project has retrospectively reviewed a survey used to determine the extent to which the implementation of Care Plus at Manaia PHO was making a difference to its client’s lives. The survey process was evaluated using a quality improvement tool known as the IHI Simple Data Collection tool (IHI, 2004). This enabled examination of the processes being used and drew attention to potential improvements in the ways data was being collected, analysed and reported. The IHI tool has also provided insight into the potential use of other methods to evaluate the CarePlus programme.
A survey of technologies and algorithms for parsing and indexing multimedia databases
(Auckland University of Technology, 2008) Damba, Augustine Kureva
A survey of technologies and algorithms for parsing and indexing multimedia databases. Conventional database systems are designed for managing textual and numerical data, and retrieving such data is often based on simple comparisons of text/numerical values. The digitized representation of images, video, or data by itself does not fully represent the contents of the multimedia items, users have to manually add semantic data to fully describe content. The content-based retrieval methods take these intrinsic values into account. Content-based retrieval of multimedia database calls for content-based indexing techniques. Querying multimedia data is costly and appropriate indexing is required. Efficient indexing of high dimensional feature vectors is important to allow content based query applications to perform efficiently on large databases. In this survey, I give an overview of the advances on algorithms for indexing multimedia data, identify the problems of processing queries in high-dimensional space, and recommend the best multimedia data features to be used for indexing. The main contribution of this research is to identify and recommend the commonly used methods of indexing multimedia data by collating available algorithms.
A Systematic Literature Review of Social Media Influencer Marketing in the Hospitality Context
(Auckland University of Technology, 2023) Sun, Weilin
This systematic literature review offers a comprehensive exploration of social media influencer marketing in the context of the hospitality industry. The primary objective of this research was to systematically gather and analyse existing studies, aiming to provide a holistic understanding of the current state of knowledge within this domain. Furthermore, it sought to identify gaps in the existing literature, emphasize pivotal research findings and insights, and provide recommendations for future research and practical applications. The study uncovers the dynamic growth of research in the realm of social media influencer marketing, particularly within the hospitality sector. This rapid expansion mirrors the increasing significance of social media influencers in contemporary marketing strategies and the ongoing digital transformation of the hospitality industry. With the proliferation of social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter, along with their widespread adoption by both consumers and businesses, the examination of social media influencers has not only become relevant but also paramount for comprehending modern marketing dynamics. This systematic literature review provides a solid foundation for future research and practical applications in the hospitality industry, shedding light on the transformative power of social media influencer marketing and the potential it holds for businesses in this sector.
A Systematic Review of Broken Psychological Contracts in Employment Relationships and Actions to Manage Them
(Auckland University of Technology, 2024) Li, Chunhao
The psychological contract (PC) has been widely studied over the past few decades as a valuable framework for understanding the employment relationship. However, many PC studies have taken an employee perspective and focused primarily on the effects of the broken PC on a limited number of outcomes. There has been a lack of attention on the practical actions organisations have taken or could take to manage these breakages. Therefore, a systematic review from an organisational viewpoint can provide a better understanding of the complexity of relationships between the broken PCs and a large number of work-related outcomes, and solutions for managing these broken PCs. We implemented systematic review methods to identify 80 primary studies from 1989 to 2024. Our findings reveal that a broken PC negatively affects work-related outcomes, not only have detrimental effects on organisational performance but also on employee health in both contexts of dyadic relationships and third parties witnessing these relationships. Findings also suggest that organisations should focus their efforts on prospective prevention strategies, repair tactics, and potential moderators for mitigating the effects of broken PCs. To our knowledge, this systematic review is the first to conduct a qualitative review of primary studies to identify practical actions that are or could be taken to prevent or mitigate the adverse effects of broken PCs from an organisational perspective. Future research is needed to manage broken PCs within specific contexts, such as in different occupational settings. Moreover, time and health-related outcomes are two gaps for future PC research.
A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies of Power Distance in the Hospitality Organisational Context
(Auckland University of Technology, 2024) Verma, Anvesh
This dissertation systematically examines and synthesizes existing studies on power distance (PD) in the hospitality industry. Hofstede defined power distance as a concept that describes the acceptance and expectation of unequal distribution of power within organisations and institutions (Hofstede, 1977, 1984, 2001, 2011), focusing on its influence on organisational dynamics, leadership styles and employee behaviour. The study aims to map out current knowledge and identify areas for future research, providing a comprehensive analysis of previous research on PD in hospitality organisational context. The review encompasses 51 journal articles from various hospitality settings, sourced from databases such as Google Scholar, EBSCOhost, and Science Direct. Inclusion criteria encompassed research articles relevant to power distance in hospitality, published in English between 1977-2024 using a PRISMA chart, while exclusion criteria omitted incomplete studies, research notes, discussion boards, blogs, and non-English publications to ensure comprehensive, peer-reviewed, and accessible content. Data collection involved manual evaluation of articles for relevance and systematic organisation using Microsoft Excel to manage and avoid redundancy. Data from articles were coded in Excel, including details like author names, publication year, journal name, outcomes of PD, and measures of power distance, with studies classified into quantitative, qualitative, and review/theoretical designs. Descriptive analysis identified patterns in the data, and cross-tabulation analysis examined associations between publication trends, theories, study location, and PD as independent and dependent variables in the hospitality organisation context. The research findings indicate a significant impact of power distance (PD) on various outcomes, such as leader-employee relationships, employee motivation, job satisfaction, and organisational behaviour. It is noteworthy that the majority of PD measurements were conducted using the Likert scale and Hofstede's power distance scores. Likert scale as Quantitative methods were the most commonly used, while Cultural dimension theory (Hofstede, 1980, 1984, 2011) was used mostly for studying PD. Additionally, PD was studied as an independent variable, and there was a spike in PD being used as a moderator as the year trend followed. Research suggests that high PD cultures often exhibit hierarchical structures and communication barriers, while low PD cultures promote more egalitarian interactions and employee empowerment. Despite extensive research, the lack of a unified theoretical approach has left the phenomenon of PD in the hospitality industry under-explored. The study also highlights the dominance of research in Asian contexts and the hotel industry, with a notable gap in cross-cultural studies that could generalize findings across diverse cultural settings. This dissertation serves as a comprehensive source for researchers to identify what has been examined, what remains underexamined, and potential research gaps. For industry professionals, the insights derived from this study can inform the development of culturally sensitive management practices to enhance employee engagement and service quality.
A Womb Between Realms: The Nature of Women's Bodies in Creation Pūrākau
(Auckland University of Technology, 2022) Hall, Elizabeth
This dissertation explores the nature of Māori women’s bodies through pūrākau about atua Māori, using a pūrākau methodology. This topic considers the significance of wāhine Māori bodies in empowering and healing Māori whānau. Within a reflection on specific pūrākau about Papatūānuku and Hinetītama/Hinenuitepō, themes of nourishment, resilience, death, and transformation emerge, emphasising the body as a source of feminine power and a site of new life. These findings are linked to my own experience of pregnancy and motherhood at the time of writing. I use my journey through these stories to explore how pūrākau might aid women during times of transition. This dissertation explores the roles of Te Whare Tangata and Ūkaipō that emerge in stories of atua wahine. Wāhine bodies are presented as a source of containment and nourishment for their descendants, which guide them from Te Pō into Te Ao Mārama. The conduit nature of women’s bodies allows them to grapple with death, demonstrating how the path into Te Pō is essential for life. My interaction with the selected pūrākau explores the transformative quality to women’s bodies and the metamorphoses that result from trauma, loss, or death. To work effectively with children, it is essential that we develop positive, compassionate relationships with the people who care for those children. Many of those caregivers will be women and mothers. The mother-infant dyad is the first relationship a child experiences, starting in the womb. The experience of the mother’s body directly affects the infant—both in utero and during breastfeeding and early care. Our perceptions of mother’s bodies flow into our treatment of mothers; what roles we expect them to inhabit and how we work with them as clinicians. For these reasons, an understanding of wāhine Māori bodies is crucial to our work as child and adolescent psychotherapists in Aotearoa. Women and mothers are a central part of work with children, and they are vital to our work with Māori. A fuller appreciation of the experience of the feminine in Te Ao Māori could enhance how we work with mothers, whānau, and tamariki in their journeys towards healing.
Abstraction and Prediction Algorithms: A Harm-Reduction Framework
(Auckland University of Technology, 2020) Desilvestro, Adrian
ProPublica’s allegations, that an algorithmic tool used to predict re-offenders is “biased against blacks”, met a wave of criticism from the wider community. Researchers have since shown a trade-off between accuracy and fairness, concluding that the risk tool, COMPAS, was not inherently discriminatory. However, in light of ProPublica’s objections, a growing body of literature on assessing fairness in machine learning systems has taken flight. Performance criteria combine quantitative and qualitative elements, so users ‘preferences’ are hard to specify objectively. This study explores a Pareto frontier framework to illustrate the relative model (in)efficiencies that arise in Risk Prediction Instruments (RPIs). The research follows a logistic framework for estimating recidivism risk, and the design parameters include the choice of fairness constraints and the choice of a bin scoring system (the “bin number”). This dissertation presents three experiments where decision-makers can improve performance in their RPIs: (1) improving efficiency through a relaxed version of the constraint, (2) improving efficiency through ‘cost-free’ constraint implementation, and (3) improving efficiency through a revised scoring system.

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