Where river basins are shared between competing nations, how do we build cooperative and collaborative management approaches based on sound evidence so that the benefits that come from those water resources are shared equitably? This paper comes at this question from an IS perspective, adopting a knowledge based view on the information challenges associated with benefit sharing in trans-boundary river basins. Utilising the task-based knowledge management (TbKM) approach adapted to the context of integrated water resource management (IWRM) and guided by key literature on IWRM and benefit sharing we present a knowledge management (KM) framework for supporting effective decision making amongst key stakeholders engaged in river basin management.