Hermans, Syrie MBuckley, Hannah LCase, Bradley SCurran‐Cournane, FionaTaylor, MatthewLear, Gavin2025-07-272025-07-272025-07-13Global Ecology and Biogeography, ISSN: 1466-822X (Print); 1466-8238 (Online), Wiley, 34(7). doi: 10.1111/geb.700921466-822X1466-8238http://hdl.handle.net/10292/19605Aim Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) play crucial roles in supporting plant growth and, therefore, in undisturbed ecosystems and agricultural systems. We aimed to understand how these microbial communities change under different land use and environmental conditions. This is an important prerequisite to utilising the positive impact PGPB may have for sustainable food production. Location 537 sites across Aotearoa New Zealand. Time Period 2013–2018. Major Taxa Studied Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). Methods We surveyed the PGPB in indigenous and exotic plantation forests, sheep and beef grasslands, dairy pastures and horticulture sites. Results PGPB community alpha-diversity increased with land use intensity, and the greatest portion of explainable variation in alpha-diversity was accounted for by soil nutrients, metal concentrations, and unexplained spatial patterns. Variation in PGPB community composition, on the other hand, was highest in the forest and horticulture sites and lowest in the grazed pastures. The variation was best accounted for by shared variation among land use, soil nutrients and soil metal concentrations. The relative abundance of nitrogen-fixing PGPB taxa decreased with land use intensity, largely driven by a decrease in Rhizobiales. In contrast, taxa in the order Bacillales, known for phosphate and potassium solubilisation, increased in relative abundance. Key environmental variables limiting the distributions of specific PGPB taxa included soil pH, several nutrients and the concentrations of cadmium and zinc. Main Conclusions Overall, we showed that PGPB show distinct patterns in response to land use and soil environmental variables, and these results contribute towards an understanding of the interplay between how we use our soil, their physicochemical properties and the function of the microbial communities within them. This increased understanding of the distribution of PGPB is crucial for advancing our ability to optimise and take advantage of the benefits these bacteria bring to both natural and agricultural land.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in anymedium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made. © 2025 The Author(s). Global Ecology and Biogeography published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.3107 Microbiology41 Environmental Sciences31 Biological Sciences3103 Ecology15 Life on Land2 Zero Hunger0406 Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience0501 Ecological Applications0602 Ecology4102 Ecological applications4104 Environmental managementenvironmental variationnitrogen-fixing bacteriaphosphate solubilising bacteriaplant-microbe interactionspotassium solubilising bacteriaJournal ArticleOpenAccess10.1111/geb.70092