Wu, XiaotianSong, BofanFang, JiaYan, WeiQiPeng, Qing-Yu2025-11-032025-11-032025IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, ISSN: 1051-8215 (Print); 1558-2205 (Online), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 1-1. doi: 10.1109/tcsvt.2025.35324541051-82151558-2205http://hdl.handle.net/10292/20049Most visual cryptography schemes (VCSs) are condition-oriented which implies their designs focus on satisfying the contrast and security conditions in VCS. In this paper, we explore a new architecture of VCS: contrast-oriented region-based progressive probabilistic VCS (CRP2-VCS). The term contrast-oriented indicates the optimality of multi-contrast is taken into consideration when producing shadows. First of all, new requirements for CRP2-VCS, described by probabilities, are introduced. As a non-interference requirement is proposed, the secret interference problem in existing region-based progressive VCS can be avoided. Then, a construction of CRP2-VCS based on a multi-contrast-maximizing model is provided. The multi-contrast-maximizing problem is essentially a probabilistic VCS model that fuses region-based sharing, multi-contrast optimization, and general access structure (GAS) together. Finally, a Max-Min based technique is adopted to solve the multi-objective optimization problem. Moreover, to further boost the visual quality, the proposed method is extended to allow employing XOR operation for image recovery. Experimental results and comparisons are demonstrated to show the effectiveness and advantages, such as optimal visual quality, non-expansible shadow and GAS sharing policy, are provided by the proposed technique.© 2025 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.0801 Artificial Intelligence and Image Processing0906 Electrical and Electronic EngineeringArtificial Intelligence & Image Processing4006 Communications engineering4009 Electronics, sensors and digital hardware4603 Computer vision and multimedia computationJournal ArticleOpenAccess10.1109/tcsvt.2025.3532454