Nduwamungu, AphrodisLie, Tek TjingNair, Nirmal KCLestas, Ionis2026-03-302026-03-302026-05Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, ISSN: 2215-0986 (Print), Elsevier BV, 77, 102327-102327. doi: 10.1016/j.jestch.2026.1023272215-0986http://hdl.handle.net/10292/20830This paper investigates advanced nonlinear control strategies for a Quad Active Bridge (QAB) resonant converter supplying pulsed power loads (PPLs) in DC microgrids, where fast load transients and inter-port coupling challenge voltage stability. Three controllers are designed and evaluated for regulating the 48 V ports 3 and 4 under a PPL step from 100 W to 200 W : ASSOSMC, IHOSMC, and CMPC–ISMC. In terms of voltage regulation, ASSOSMC achieves the smallest peak deviations ( Δ V 3 = 0 . 5 V , Δ V 4 = 0 . 3 V ), whereas IHOSMC and CMPC–ISMC exhibit larger voltage dips of 3 . 0 / 2 . 8 V and 3 . 5 / 4 . 2 V at ports 3/4, respectively. Overshoot is kept below 1.531% (ASSOSMC) and limited to 0.667% (IHOSMC and CMPC–ISMC), with fast settling times of 3 . 6 μ s (ASSOSMC and CMPC–ISMC) and 4 . 7 μ s (IHOSMC). Energy efficiency is evaluated from steady-state averaged port powers over a common interval ( t = 2 . 1166 – 2 . 8610 s ): CMPC–ISMC achieves the highest overall efficiency ( η tot ≈ 90 . 775 % ), followed by ASSOSMC ( η tot ≈ 90 . 724 % ) and IHOSMC ( η tot ≈ 89 . 055 % ). Hardware-in-the-loop validation on an OPAL-RT platform confirms the effectiveness of the proposed controllers for stabilizing QAB port voltages under PPL disturbances, and highlights CMPC–ISMC as a balanced solution combining high efficiency with reduced current stress on the regulated ports.© 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Karabuk University. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC-BY license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. You are not required to obtain permission to reuse this article.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/40 Engineering4008 Electrical Engineering4009 Electronics, Sensors and Digital Hardware7 Affordable and Clean EnergyIntegral HOSMModel predictive control with ISMCASSOSMCOPAL-RTJournal ArticleOpenAccess10.1016/j.jestch.2026.102327