Alshdaifat, Yaser Ibrahim RashedPrasad, KrishnamacharAl-Tameemi, Zaid Hamid AbdulabbasKilby, JeffLie, Tek Tjing2025-11-272025-11-272025-11-19Energies, ISSN: 1996-1073 (Print); 1996-1073 (Online), MDPI AG, 18(22), 6036-6036. doi: 10.3390/en182260361996-10731996-1073http://hdl.handle.net/10292/20226Grid-connected photovoltaic (PV)–battery systems require advanced control to maintain stable operation, efficient energy exchange, and minimal conversion losses under variable generation and load conditions. This study proposes a dual-loop Energy Management System (EMS) integrated with a Hybrid Grey Wolf Optimizer–Particle Swarm Optimization (GWO–PSO) algorithm for coordinated control of a low-voltage PV–battery–grid system (380 V AC, ≈800 V DC bus). The hybrid optimizer was chosen due to the limitations of standalone GWO and PSO methods, which frequently experience slow convergence and local stagnation; the integrated GWO–PSO strategy enhances both exploration and exploitation during the real-time adjustment of PI controller gains. The rapid inner loop effectively balances instantaneous power among the PV, battery, and grid, while the outer optimization loop aims to minimize the ITAE criterion to enhance transient response. Simulation outcomes validate stable DC-bus voltage regulation, quicker transitions between power import and export, and prompt power balance with deviations maintained below 2.5%, signifying reduced converter losses and improved power-sharing efficiency. The battery’s state of charge is sustained within the range of 20–80%, ensuring safe operational conditions. The proposed hybrid EMS offers faster convergence, smoother power regulation, and enhanced dynamic stability compared to standalone metaheuristic controllers, establishing it as an effective and reliable solution for grid-connected PV–battery systems.© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).02 Physical Sciences09 Engineering33 Built environment and design40 Engineering51 Physical scienceshybrid PV–battery–grid systemenergy management system (EMS)grey wolf optimizer (GWO)hybrid GWO–PSOparticle swarm optimization (PSO)bidirectional converterPI controllervoltage regulationJournal ArticleOpenAccess10.3390/en18226036