Gomes-Ng, StephanieCowie, SarahElliffe, Douglas2024-11-192024-11-192024-10-22Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, ISSN: 1747-0218 (Print); 1747-0226 (Online), SAGE Publications, 17470218241293418-. doi: 10.1177/174702182412934181747-02181747-0226http://hdl.handle.net/10292/18364Humans often behave as if unrelated events are causally related. As the name suggests, such causal illusions imply failures to detect the absence of a causal relation. Taking a signal-detection approach, we asked whether causal illusions indeed reflect failures of discriminability, or whether they reflect a general bias to behave as if events are causally related. Participants responded in a discrete-trials procedure in which point gains, point losses, or no change in points occurred dependent on or independently of responding. Participants reported whether each event was response-dependent or response-independent by choosing between two stimuli, one corresponding to reporting "I did it" and the other to "I didn't do it". Overall, participants responded accurately in about 80% of trials, and were biased to report that events depended on responding. This bias was strongest after point gains, and for higher-performing participants. Such differences in event-specific biases were not related to response rates; instead, they appear to reflect more fundamental differences in the effects of appetitive and aversive events. These findings demonstrate that people can judge causality relatively well, but are biased to attribute events to their own behaviour, particularly when those events are desirable. This highlights discriminability and bias as separable aspects of causal learning, and suggests that some causal illusions may not really be "illusions" at all - they may simply reflect a bias to report causal relations.© Experimental Psychology Society 2024. Creative Commons License (CC BY 4.0). This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits any use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/adventitious reinforcementbiascausal illusioncontingency judgementdiscriminabilitysignal detectionadventitious reinforcementbiascausal illusioncontingency judgementdiscriminabilitysignal detection5202 Biological Psychology5204 Cognitive and Computational Psychology52 Psychology8.4 Research design and methodologies (health services)Generic health relevance1701 Psychology1702 Cognitive SciencesExperimental Psychology5202 Biological psychology5204 Cognitive and computational psychologyJournal ArticleOpenAccess10.1177/17470218241293418