Usama, NNiazi, IKDremstrup, KJochumsen, M2023-06-132023-06-132022-02-21Sensors, ISSN: 1424-8220 (Print); 1424-8220 (Online), MDPI AG, 22(4), 1676-. doi: 10.3390/s220416761424-82201424-8220https://hdl.handle.net/10292/16266Brain-computer interface performance may be reduced over time, but adapting the classifier could reduce this problem. Error-related potentials (ErrPs) could label data for continuous adaptation. However, this has scarcely been investigated in populations with severe motor impairments. The aim of this study was to detect ErrPs from single-trial EEG in offline analysis in participants with cerebral palsy, an amputation, or stroke, and determine how much discriminative information different brain regions hold. Ten participants with cerebral palsy, eight with an amputation, and 25 with a stroke attempted to perform 300–400 wrist and ankle movements while a sham BCI provided feedback on their performance for eliciting ErrPs. Pre-processed EEG epochs were inputted in a multi-layer perceptron artificial neural network. Each brain region was used as input individually (Frontal, Central, Temporal Right, Temporal Left, Parietal, and Occipital), the combination of the Central region with each of the adjacent regions, and all regions combined. The Frontal and Central regions were most important, and adding additional regions only improved performance slightly. The average classification accuracies were 84 ± 4%, 87± 4%, and 85 ± 3% for cerebral palsy, amputation, and stroke participants. In conclusion, ErrPs can be detected in participants with motor impairments; this may have implications for developing adaptive BCIs or automatic error correction.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/amputationartificial neural networkbrain-computer interfacecerebral palsyerror-related potentialsneurorehabilitationstroke40 Engineering4003 Biomedical EngineeringAssistive TechnologyBrain DisordersNeurosciencesStrokeRehabilitationPerinatal Period - Conditions Originating in Perinatal PeriodClinical ResearchPediatricBioengineeringCerebral Palsy1.1 Normal biological development and functioning1 Underpinning researchNeurologicalStroke0301 Analytical Chemistry0502 Environmental Science and Management0602 Ecology0805 Distributed Computing0906 Electrical and Electronic EngineeringAnalytical Chemistry3103 Ecology4008 Electrical engineering4009 Electronics, sensors and digital hardware4104 Environmental management4606 Distributed computing and systems softwareAmputeesBrainBrain-Computer InterfacesCerebral PalsyElectroencephalographyHumansStrokeBrainHumansCerebral PalsyElectroencephalographyAmputeesStrokeBrain-Computer InterfacesAmputeesBrainBrain-Computer InterfacesCerebral PalsyElectroencephalographyHumansStrokeJournal ArticleOpenAccess10.3390/s22041676