Review of Deep Learning Models With Spiking Neural Networks for Modeling and Analysis of Multimodal Neuroimaging Data

Khan, AyeshaShim, VickieFernandez, JustinKasabov, Nikola KWang, Alan2025-12-032025-12-032025-11-14Front Neurosci, ISSN: 1662-4548 (Print); 1662-453X (Online), Frontiers Media SA, 19, 1623497-. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2025.16234971662-45481662-453Xhttp://hdl.handle.net/10292/20260Medical imaging has become an essential tool for identifying and treating neurological conditions. Traditional deep learning (DL) models have made tremendous advances in neuroimaging analysis; however, they face difficulties when modeling complicated spatiotemporal brain data. Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), which are inspired by real neurons, provide a promising option for efficiently processing spatiotemporal data. This review discusses current improvements in using SNNs for multimodal neuroimaging analysis. Quantitative and thematic analyses were conducted on 21 selected publications to assess trends, research topics, and geographical contributions. Results show that SNNs outperform traditional DL approaches in classification, feature extraction, and prediction tasks, especially when combining multiple modalities. Despite their potential, challenges of multimodal data fusion, computational demands, and limited large-scale datasets persist. We discussed the growth of SNNs in analysis, prediction, and diagnosis of neurological data, along with the emphasis on future direction and improvements for more efficient and clinically applicable models.Copyright © 2025 Khan, Shim, Fernandez, Kasabov and Wang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Spiking Neural Networksdeep learningfunctional MRImachine learningmultimodalitiesneuroimagingspiking neuronsstructural MRI5202 Biological Psychology32 Biomedical and Clinical Sciences3209 Neurosciences52 PsychologyNeurosciencesBioengineeringNetworking and Information Technology R&D (NITRD)Machine Learning and Artificial IntelligenceBiomedical ImagingNeurological1109 Neurosciences1701 Psychology1702 Cognitive SciencesReview of Deep Learning Models With Spiking Neural Networks for Modeling and Analysis of Multimodal Neuroimaging DataJournal ArticleOpenAccess10.3389/fnins.2025.1623497