McLean, MiaLequertier, BelindaKing, SuzanneKildea, SueKeedle, HazelDahlen, Hannah G2026-05-242026-05-242026-03-15Midwifery, ISSN: 0266-6138 (Print); 1532-3099 (Online), Elsevier BV, 158, 104779-. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2026.1047790266-61381532-3099http://hdl.handle.net/10292/21206Problem: It is unknown whether unborn infants exposed to their mothers’ uncontrollable stressful life events could benefit from the continuity of their mothers’ prenatal carer. Background: Maternal stress in pregnancy predicts poorer child outcomes. Continuity of care improves maternal mental health. Aim: Determine whether continuity of care moderates association between prenatal maternal stress due to COVID-19 and infant negative emotionality at age 6 months. Methods: Australian women, pregnant during the pandemic, completed a survey detailing their level of continuity of maternity care, pandemic-related difficulties (objective hardship), cognitive appraisal of, and subjective distress related to, COVID-19. Six months post-birth, they reported on their mental health, COVID-19 related stress and their infants’ negative emotionality (n = 903). Findings: Hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that higher prenatal pandemic-related subjective distress was associated with greater infant negative emotionality. Interaction analyses determined that, for women exposed to higher levels of objective hardship in pregnancy, the more they experienced continuity of carer, the lower their child's negative emotionality at age 6 months. This relationship was not evident for dyads exposed to lower objective hardship. However, actual model of maternity care did not moderate the relationships between COVID-19-related prenatal maternal stress and infant negative emotionality. All models accounted for 6-month maternal COVID-19 objective hardship and subjective stress as well as depressive symptoms. Discussion: We found that the protective effect of experienced continuity of care, small but potentially consequential, was most evident among women exposed to high COVID-19-related hardship. This finding supports the roll-out of maternity care models that foster relational continuity for at-risk pregnant women with additional medical and psychological needs. Conclusion: For women most exposed to uncontrollable stressful events, such as pandemic-related restrictions and threat, their experience of high continuity of care may predict long-term benefits for their infant's temperament.© 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC-BY license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. You are not required to obtain permission to reuse this article.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Continuity of care, TemperamentCovid-19 pandemicInfancyMidwiferyPregnancyStress3215 Reproductive Medicine4204 Midwifery32 Biomedical and Clinical Sciences42 Health SciencesBehavioral and Social ScienceMaternal HealthPreventionMental HealthPediatric Research InitiativeInfectious DiseasesCoronavirusesClinical ResearchWomen's HealthBasic Behavioral and Social SciencePerinatal Period - Conditions Originating in Perinatal PeriodCoronaviruses Disparities and At-Risk PopulationsEmerging Infectious DiseasesPregnancyConditions Affecting the Embryonic and Fetal PeriodsReproductive health and childbirth3 Good Health and Well Being1110 Nursing1114 Paediatrics and Reproductive Medicine1117 Public Health and Health ServicesHumansFemalePregnancyCOVID-19AdultAustraliaContinuity of Patient CareInfantStress, PsychologicalTemperamentPregnant PeopleSurveys and QuestionnairesMothersSARS-CoV-2Prenatal CareHumansPrenatal CareStress, PsychologicalTemperamentMothersPregnancyAdultInfantContinuity of Patient CareAustraliaFemaleSurveys and QuestionnairesCOVID-19SARS-CoV-2Pregnant PeopleJournal ArticleOpenAccess10.1016/j.midw.2026.104779