Welch, DShepherd, DDirks, KNReddy, R2023-11-272023-11-272023-04-26Transport Reviews, ISSN: 0144-1647 (Print); 1464-5327 (Online), Taylor and Francis Group, 43(6), 1190-1210. doi: 10.1080/01441647.2023.22061680144-16471464-5327http://hdl.handle.net/10292/17007The relationship between transport noise and health outcomes is complex, in part because of the large number of factors involved as well as the range of health impacts, both direct and indirect. To enable the reader to come to grips with the complexity, we have divided the health outcomes into groups: those that are more directly linked to transport noise exposure and those that are more indirectly linked. Four health outcomes, namely annoyance, cognitive disruption, sleep problems, and noise-induced hearing loss, can be directly attributable to transport noise exposure. Less direct outcomes are stress, mental health, metabolic health, cardiovascular health, and overall health-related quality of life. Stress may occur as a direct response to noise, or may occur in response to the aforementioned direct effects. The stress response is a survival mechanism in the short term, but in the long term, stress may lead to systemic health conditions, namely metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes, and to mental health conditions. Finally, a global health outcome that incorporates all of the more direct outcomes is health-related quality of life. Other exposures associated with transport noise that may explain parts of the health outcomes need to be acknowledged, including exposure to social inequities, air pollution, and vibration. These may all be more likely to be experienced by people who are exposed to transport noise in the community and may thus influence the outcomes. Finally, transport noise appears to have more impact on health in those who are noise sensitive, thus noise sensitivity is a key moderator of all the effects observed.© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/33 Built Environment and Design35 Commerce, Management, Tourism and Services40 Engineering3509 Transportation, Logistics and Supply Chains4005 Civil Engineering3304 Urban and Regional PlanningBehavioral and Social ScienceBasic Behavioral and Social ScienceCardiovascularClimate-Related Exposures and Conditions2 Aetiology2.3 Psychological, social and economic factors2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment3 Good Health and Well Being1205 Urban and Regional Planning1507 Transportation and Freight ServicesLogistics & Transportation3304 Urban and regional planning3509 Transportation, logistics and supply chains4005 Civil engineeringJournal ArticleOpenAccess10.1080/01441647.2023.2206168