Yu, YangJain, BhavyaAnand, GautamHeidarian, MahdiLowe, AndrewKalra, Anubha2024-01-102024-01-102023-12-07Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X, ISSN: 2590-1370 (Print), Elsevier BV, 16, 100420-100420. doi: 10.1016/j.biosx.2023.1004202590-1370http://hdl.handle.net/10292/17087Non-invasive techniques have become increasingly vital in modern medicine, providing valuable diagnostic information without invasive procedures. These techniques encompass a diverse range of procedures, including imaging scans, blood tests, urine tests, and genetic testing, enabling the investigation of various conditions without device insertion. In contrast to conventional invasive methods, non-invasive diagnostics have numerous advantages, including reduced complications, shorter recovery times, improved patient comfort, and lower costs. As a result, the exploration of alternative diagnostic approaches has become imperative. This article provides a comprehensive overview of advances, challenges, and opportunities in the realm of non-invasive diagnostic techniques. It delves into a detailed exploration of non-invasive techniques, including photoplethysmography (PPG), electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), electrocardiography (ECG), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound (US), and electrical impedance tomography (EIT) discussing their origin, underlying principles, instrumentation, and applications in various medical fields. Furthermore, the advantages and limitations of various Surface Measurement and Imaging Modalities techniques are thoroughly compared and analysed. The article also addresses these challenges and highlights emerging technologies and methodologies that offer solutions. More importantly, we propose several promising directions for future research and development of non-invasive diagnostic techniques.This article is available under the Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-ND license and permits non-commercial use of the work as published, without adaptation or alteration provided the work is fully attributed.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/32 Biomedical and Clinical Sciences40 Engineering4003 Biomedical EngineeringClinical ResearchBioengineeringBiomedical Imaging4 Detection, screening and diagnosis4.2 Evaluation of markers and technologies4.1 Discovery and preclinical testing of markers and technologiesGeneric health relevanceJournal ArticleOpenAccess10.1016/j.biosx.2023.100420