GBD 2021 Headache Collaborators. Electronic address: yonkkang@gmail.comWijeratne, TissaOh, JiyeonKim, SoeunYim, YesolKim, Min SeoShin, Jae IlOh, Yun-SeoJung, RaonKim, Yun SeoSmith, LeeAalruz, HasanAbd-Rabu, RamiAbdulah, Deldar MoradAboagye, Richard GyanAbolmaali, MeysamAbtahi, DariushAbualhasan, AhmedAdedoyin, Rufus AdesojiAdnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas SakilahAfrashteh, FatemehAggarwal, NavidhaAhmad, DanishAhmadi, AliAhmadi, Negar SadatAhmadzade, Amir MahmoudAhmed, Syed AneesAl Awaidy, SalahAlabbad, SawsanAlajlani, Muaaz MAl-Ajlouni, YazanAli, Mohammed UsmanAli, Syed ShujaitAli, WaadAlmazan, Joseph UyAlshahrani, Najim ZAltaf, AwaisAl-Wardat, MohammadAlzoubi, Karem HAmiri, SohrabAmu, HubertAmusa, Ganiyu AdeniyiAnderson, David BAnwar, SalehaAreda, DemelashAsghari-Jafarabadi, MohammadAshina, SaitAshraf, JavedAshraf, TahiraAzargoonjahromi, AliBahurupi, YogeshBaig, Atif AminBandyopadhyay, SohamBardhan, MainakBarqawi, Hiba JawdatBashiri, AzadehBastan, Mohammad-MahdiBemanalizadeh, MaryamBensenor, Isabela MBerhie, Alemshet Yirga YirgaBhagavathula, Akshaya SrikanthBhaskar, SonuBhat, VivekBhatti, Gurjit KaurBhatti, Jasvinder SinghBilgin, CemBiswas, AtanuBizzozero-Peroni, BrunoBustanji, YasserCámera, Luis AlbertoCaronna, EdoardoCarvalho, Andre FChakraborty, SandipChing, Patrick RChristodoulou, NikosChu, Dinh-ToiChu, HongyuanCruz-Martins, NataliaDadras, OmidDai, XiaochenD'Amico, EmanueleDarwish, Amira HamedDeekonda, SindhuraDevanbu, Vinoth Gnana ChellaiyanDharmaratne, Samath DhammindaDima, AdrianaDinkayehu, Temesgien ErgetieDo, HuyenDoku, Paul NarhDoshi, Ojas PrakashbhaiE'mar, Abdel RahmanEissazade, NeginEltaha, ChadiFahim, AyeshaFares, JawadFarjoud Kouhanjani, MohsenFaro, AndreFazeli, PatrickFereshtehnejad, Seyed-MohammadFerrara, PietroFerreira, NunoFischer, FlorianFornari, AriannaGajdács, MárióGebregergis, Miglas WelayGhadimi, Delaram JGhaffari Jolfayi, AmirGnedovskaya, Elena VGolechha, MahaveerGomez Figueroa, EnriqueHashempur, Mohammad HashemHasnain, Md SaquibHassan, AmrHassan, NageebHassan Zadeh Tabatabaei, Mahgol SadatHegazy, Mohamed IHeidari, GolnazHelfer, BartoszHossain, Md MahbubHouseh, MowafaHu, ChengxiIavicoli, IvoIlesanmi, Olayinka StephenIlic, Irena MIlyas, Muhana FawwazyIlyasu, SalimIsmail, Nahlah ElkudssiahJafari-Khounigh, AliJahrami, HaithamJanodia, Manthan DilipkumarJayasinghe, Ruwan DumindaJeswani, Bijay MukeshJonas, Jost BJoseph, NitinKalani, RizwanKhan, Moien ABKhateri, SorourKhatib, Mahalaqua NazliKhayat Kashani, Hamid RezaKhidri, Feriha FatimaKhormali, MoeinKhosravi, SepehrKim, Yun JinKompani, FarzadKostev, KarelKrishan, KewalKrishnan, BinduDefo, Barthelemy KuateKuddus, MohammedKulimbet, MukhtarKumar, RakeshKumar, VijayKytö, VilleLasrado, SavitaLee, Seung WonLenzi, JacopoLeonardi, MatildeLucchetti, GiancarloLugo, AlessandraMakhdoom, Irsa FatimaMallahzadeh, ArashkMansouri, VahidMarzo, Roy RilleraMathangasinghe, YasithMayeli, MahsaMehmood, AsimMeretoja, AtteMestrovic, TomislavMettananda, SachithMinervini, GiuseppeMishra, ArchanaMithra, PrasannaMohamed Ahmed, Khabab Abbasher HussienMohammadzadeh, IbrahimMohammed, ShafiuMonasta, LorenzoMorrison, Shane DouglasNabavi, AminNatto, Zuhair SNauman, JavaidNieddu, LucianoNugen, FredOlagunju, Andrew TOliveira, Arão BelitardoOliveira, Welber SousaOmar, Hany AOmer, Goran LatifOtstavnov, NikitaP A, MaheshPanos, Leonidas DParikh, Romil RPatil, ShankargoudaPatra, ApurbaPedersini, PaoloPensato, UmbertoPeprah, PrincePeres, Mario FPPiradov, Michael APozo-Rosich, PatriciaPradhan, JalandharPrakash, SanjayPrashant, AkilaPuvvula, JagadeeshRafiei, AlirezaRaggi, AlbertoRahmani, Amir MasoudRamadan, Mahmoud MohammedRathish, DevarajanRautalin, IlariRawaf, SalmanRezaeian, MohsenRezazadeh Eidgahi, DonyaRhee, Taeho GregoryRoy, PriyankaSaad Eddin, AdnanSabet, Cameron JohnSaddik, Basema AhmadSadeghi, ErfanSaeed, UmarSaheb Sharif-Askari, FatemehSaheb Sharif-Askari, NarjesSahoo, Pragyan MonalisaSalimi, SohrabSamy, Abdallah MSaulam, JenniferSawhney, MonikaSenol, Yigit CanSenthilkumaran, SubramanianSethi, YashendraSeyedmirzaei, HomaShafie, MahanShamsi, AnasSharifan, AminShehata, Hatem SamirShenoy, Rekha RaghuveerShokraneh, FarhadSidhu, Jaspreet KaurSingh, BaljinderSingh, HarmanjitSingh, Jasvinder ASingh, SurjitSkryabina, Anna AleksandrovnaSobia, FarrukhSrichawla, Bahadar SSuresh, VinaySwain, Chandan KumarT Y, Sree SudhaTabaee Damavandi, PayamTabche, CelineTabish, MohammadTanwar, ManojTemsah, Mohamad-HaniTeramoto, MasayukiTran, Nghia MinhTran, Thang HuuTsatsakis, AristidisUdoakang, Aniefiok JohnUsman, Jibrin SammaniUzunçıbuk, HandeVan den Eynde, JefVasankari, Tommi JuhaniVenketasubramanian, NarayanaswamyVillafañe, Jorge HugoWang, LintaoWang, XingxinWang, Yuan-PangWiangkham, TaweewatWinkler, Andrea SylviaWollie, Alemayehu MollaXiao, ZhemanYismaw, Yazachew Engida EngidaYousuf, AbdilahiZhao, ZhongyiZielińska, MagdalenaChu, Min KyungSong, Tae-JinYon, Dong KeonFeigin, Valery L2025-09-292025-09-292025Cell Reports Medicine, ISSN: 2666-3791 (Print); 2666-3791 (Online), Elsevier, 102348-102348. doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2025.1023482666-37912666-3791http://hdl.handle.net/10292/19891Headache disorders, especially migraines and tension-type headaches (TTHs), are major global public health concerns, as shown by the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021. We provide updated global estimates of prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) from 1990 to 2021 across 204 countries and territories and forecasts through 2050. In 2021, there are 2.0 billion people with TTH and 1.2 billion with migraine. Although TTH is more prevalent, migraine causes higher disability. While crude prevalence and YLDs increased, age-standardized rates remained stable and are projected to continue this trend due to population growth. There is a disproportionately higher burden in women aged 30-44 and countries with higher Socio-demographic Index and Healthcare Access and Quality Index. Despite this, migraines remain underrecognized in health policies and funding. This study emphasizes the urgent need to prioritize headache disorders in global health agendas.© 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/disability-adjusted life yearsGlobal Burden of Diseaseheadache disordersmigrainetension-type headacheGlobal Burden of Diseasedisability-adjusted life yearsheadache disordersmigrainetension-type headache32 Biomedical and Clinical Sciences3202 Clinical SciencesPain ResearchBrain DisordersWomen's HealthNeurosciencesHeadachesChronic PainMigraines2.4 Surveillance and distributionNeurological3 Good Health and Well Being32 Biomedical and clinical sciencesJournal ArticleOpenAccess10.1016/j.xcrm.2025.102348