School of Public Health and Interdisciplinary Studies
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The School of Public Health and Interdisciplinary Studies research institutes and centres play an important role in specialist teaching and research conducted by academic staff and postgraduate students. This places AUT students at the forefront of much of the ground-breaking research undertaken in New Zealand in the field of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Psychology, Psychotherapy and Counselling, and Public Health.
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Browsing School of Public Health and Interdisciplinary Studies by Author "Abbasi-Kangevari, M"
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- ItemAnemia Prevalence in Women of Reproductive Age in Low- and Middle-Income Countries Between 2000 and 2018(Springer Nature, 2021) Kinyoki, D; Osgood-Zimmerman, AE; Bhattacharjee, NV; Schaeffer, LE; Lazzar-Atwood, A; Lu, D; Ewald, SB; Donkers, KM; Letourneau, ID; Collison, M; Schipp, MF; Abajobir, A; Abbasi, S; Abbasi, N; Abbasifard, M; Abbasi-Kangevari, M; Abbastabar, H; Abd-Allah, F; Abdelalim, A; Abd-Elsalam, SM; Abdoli, A; Abdollahpour, I; Abedi, A; Abolhassani, H; Abraham, B; Abreu, LG; Abrigo, MRM; Abualhasan, A; Abu-Gharbieh, E; Abushouk, AI; Accrombessi, MMK; Adabi, M; Adebayo, OM; Adegbosin, AE; Adekanmbi, V; Adetokunboh, OO; Adeyinka, DA; Adham, D; Advani, SM; Agasthi, P; Aghaali, M; Ahmad, S; Ahmad, T; Ahmadi, K; Ahmadi, S; Ahmed, MB; Aichour, MTE; Aji, B; Akinyemi, OO; Aklilu, A; Akunna, CJ; Al-Aly, Z; Alanzi, TM; Alcalde-Rabanal, JE; Alemu, BW; Alemu, A; Alhassan, RK; Alif, SM; Alipour, V; Alizade, H; Aljunid, SM; Almasi-Hashiani, A; Al-Mekhlafi, HM; Al-Raddadi, RM; Alvis-Guzman, N; Amini, S; Amiri, F; Amugsi, DA; Anber, NH; Ancuceanu, R; Andrei, T; Anegago, MT; Anjomshoa, M; Ansari, F; Ansari-Moghaddam, A; Anteneh, ZA; Antriyandarti, E; Anvari, D; Anwer, R; Aqeel, M; Arabloo, J; Arab-Zozani, M; Aremu, O; Areri, HA; Artaman, A; Arzani, A; Asaad, M; Asadi-Aliabadi, M; Asadi-Pooya, AA; Asemahagn, MA; Asghari Jafarabadi, M; Ashebir, MM; Ataro, Z; Athari, SM; Athari, SS; Atout, MMW; Ausloos, M; Awoke, N; Ayala Quintanilla, BP; Ayano, GAnemia is a globally widespread condition in women and is associated with reduced economic productivity and increased mortality worldwide. Here we map annual 2000–2018 geospatial estimates of anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age (15–49 years) across 82 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), stratify anemia by severity and aggregate results to policy-relevant administrative and national levels. Additionally, we provide subnational disparity analyses to provide a comprehensive overview of anemia prevalence inequalities within these countries and predict progress toward the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) to reduce anemia by half by 2030. Our results demonstrate widespread moderate improvements in overall anemia prevalence but identify only three LMICs with a high probability of achieving the WHO GNT by 2030 at a national scale, and no LMIC is expected to achieve the target in all their subnational administrative units. Our maps show where large within-country disparities occur, as well as areas likely to fall short of the WHO GNT, offering precision public health tools so that adequate resource allocation and subsequent interventions can be targeted to the most vulnerable populations.
- ItemGlobal Age-sex-specific Fertility, Mortality, Healthy Life Expectancy (HALE), and Population Estimates in 204 Countries and Territories, 1950–2019: A Comprehensive Demographic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019(Elsevier BV, 2020-10) Wang, H; Abbas, KM; Abbasifard, M; Abbasi-Kangevari, M; Abbastabar, H; Abd-Allah, F; Abdelalim, A; Abolhassani, H; Abreu, LG; Abrigo, MRM; Abushouk, AI; Adabi, M; Adair, T; Adebayo, OM; Adedeji, IA; Adekanmbi, V; Adeoye, AM; Adetokunboh, OO; Advani, SM; Afshin, A; Aghaali, M; Agrawal, A; Ahmadi, K; Ahmadieh, H; Ahmed, MB; Al-Aly, Z; Alam, K; Alam, T; Alanezi, FM; Alanzi, TM; Alcalde-Rabanal, JE; Ali, M; Alicandro, G; Alijanzadeh, M; Alinia, C; Alipour, V; Alizade, H; Aljunid, SM; Allebeck, P; Almadi, MAH; Almasi-Hashiani, A; Al-Mekhlafi, HM; Altirkawi, KA; Alumran, AK; Alvis-Guzman, N; Amini-Rarani, M; Aminorroaya, A; Amit, AML; Ancuceanu, R; Andrei, CL; Androudi, S; Angus, C; Anjomshoa, M; Ansari, F; Ansari, I; Ansari-Moghaddam, A; Antonio, CAT; Antony, CM; Anvari, D; Appiah, SCY; Arabloo, J; Arab-Zozani, M; Aravkin, AY; Aremu, O; Ärnlöv, J; Aryal, KK; Asadi-Pooya, AA; Asgari, S; Asghari Jafarabadi, M; Atteraya, MS; Ausloos, M; Avila-Burgos, L; Avokpaho, EFGA; Ayala Quintanilla, BP; Ayano, G; Ayanore, MA; Azarian, G; Babaee, E; Badiye, AD; Bagli, E; Bahrami, MA; Bakhtiari, A; Balassyano, S; Banach, M; Banik, PC; Barker-Collo, SL; Bärnighausen, TW; Barzegar, A; Basu, S; Baune, BT; Bayati, M; Bazmandegan, G; Bedi, N; Bell, ML; Bennett, DA; Bensenor, IM; Berhe, K; Berman, AE; Bertolacci, GJ; Bhageerathy, R; Bhala, N; Bhattacharyya, K; Bhutta, ZA; Bijani, A; Biondi, A; Bisanzio, D; Bisignano, C; Biswas, RK; Bjørge, T; Bohlouli, S; Bohluli, M; Bolla, SRR; Borzì, AM; Borzouei, S; Brady, OJ; Braithwaite, D; Brauer, M; Briko, AN; Briko, NI; Bumgarner, BR; Burugina Nagaraja, S; Butt, ZA; Caetano dos Santos, FL; Cai, T; Callender, CSKH; Cámera, LLAA; Campos-Nonato, IR; Cárdenas, R; Carreras, G; Carrero, JJ; Carvalho, F; Castaldelli-Maia, JM; Castelpietra, G; Castro, F; Catalá-López, F; Cederroth, CR; Cerin, E; Chattu, VK; Chin, KL; Chu, D-T; Ciobanu, LG; Cirillo, M; Comfort, H; Costa, VM; Cowden, RG; Cromwell, EA; Croneberger, AJ; Cunningham, M; Dahlawi, SMA; Damiani, G; D'Amico, E; Dandona, L; Dandona, R; Dargan, PI; Darwesh, AM; Daryani, A; Das Gupta, R; das Neves, J; Davletov, K; De Leo, D; Denova-Gutiérrez, E; Deribe, K; Dervenis, N; Desai, R; Dhungana, GP; Dias da Silva, D; Diaz, D; Dippenaar, IN; Djalalinia, S; Do, HT; Dokova, K; Doku, DT; Dorostkar, F; Doshi, CP; Doshmangir, L; Doyle, KE; Dubljanin, E; Duraes, AR; Edvardsson, D; Effiong, A; El Sayed, I; El Tantawi, M; Elbarazi, I; El-Jaafary, SI; Emamian, MH; Eskandarieh, S; Esmaeilzadeh, F; Estep, K; Farahmand, M; Faraj, A; Fareed, M; Faridnia, R; Faro, A; Farzadfar, F; Fattahi, N; Fazaeli, AA; Fazlzadeh, M; Feigin, VL; Fereshtehnejad, S-M; Fernandes, E; Ferreira, ML; Filip, I; Fischer, F; Flohr, C; Foigt, NA; Folayan, MO; Fomenkov, AA; Freitas, M; Fukumoto, T; Fuller, JE; Furtado, JM; Gad, MM; Gakidou, E; Gallus, S; Gebrehiwot, AM; Gebremedhin, KB; Gething, PW; Ghamari, F; Ghashghaee, A; Gholamian, A; Gilani, SA; Gitimoghaddam, M; Glushkova, EV; Gnedovskaya, EV; Gopalani, SV; Goulart, AC; Gugnani, HC; Guo, Y; Gupta, R; Gupta, SS; Haagsma, JA; Haj-Mirzaian, A; Haj-Mirzaian, A; Halvaei, I; Hamadeh, RR; Hamagharib Abdullah, K; Han, C; Handiso, DW; Hankey, GJ; Haririan, H; Haro, JM; Hasaballah, AI; Hassanipour, S; Hassankhani, H; Hay, SI; Heibati, B; Heidari-Soureshjani, R; Henny, K; Henry, NJ; Herteliu, C; Heydarpour, F; Hole, MK; Hoogar, P; Hosgood, HD; Hossain, N; Hosseinzadeh, M; Hostiuc, M; Hostiuc, S; Househ, M; Hoy, DG; Hu, G; Huda, TM; Ibitoye, SE; Ikuta, KS; Ilesanmi, OS; Ilic, IM; Ilic, MD; Imani-Nasab, MH; Islam, M; Iso, H; Iwu, CJ; Jaafari, J; Jacobsen, KH; Jahagirdar, D; Jahanmehr, N; Jalali, A; Jalilian, F; James, SL; Janjani, H; Jenabi, E; Jha, RP; Jha, V; Ji, JS; Jonas, JB; Joukar, F; Jozwiak, JJ; Jürisson, M; Kabir, Z; Kalani, H; Kalankesh, LR; Kamiab, Z; Kanchan, T; Kapoor, N; Karch, A; Karimi, SE; Karimi, SA; Kassebaum, NJ; Katikireddi, SV; Kawakami, N; Kayode, GA; Keiyoro, PN; Keller, C; Khader, YS; Khalid, N; Khan, EA; Khan, M; Khang, Y-H; Khater, AM; Khater, MM; Khazaei, S; Khazaie, H; Khodayari, MT; Khubchandani, J; Kianipour, N; Kim, C-I; Kim, Y-E; Kim, YJ; Kinfu, Y; Kisa, A; Kisa, S; Kissimova-Skarbek, K; Kivimäki, M; Komaki, H; Kopec, JA; Kosen, S; Koul, PA; Koyanagi, A; Kravchenko, MA; Krishan, K; Krohn, KJ; Kuate Defo, B; Kumar, GA; Kumar, M; Kumar, P; Kumar, V; Kusuma, D; Kyu, HH; La Vecchia, C; Lacey, B; Lal, DK; Lalloo, R; Lami, FH; Lansky, S; Larson, SL; Larsson, AO; Lasrado, S; Lassi, ZS; Lazarus, JV; Lee, PH; Lee, SWH; Leever, AT; LeGrand, KE; Leonardi, M; Li, S; Lim, L-L; Lim, SS; Linn, S; Lodha, R; Logroscino, G; Lopez, AD; Lopukhov, PD; Lotufo, PA; Lozano, R; Lu, A; Lunevicius, R; Madadin, M; Maddison, ER; Magdy Abd El Razek, H; Magdy Abd El Razek, M; Mahasha, PW; Mahdavi, MM; Malekzadeh, R; Mamun, AA; Manafi, N; Mansour-Ghanaei, F; Mansouri, B; Mansournia, MA; Mapoma, CC; Martini, S; Martins-Melo, FR; Masaka, A; Mastrogiacomo, CI; Mathur, MR; May, EA; McAlinden, C; McGrath, JJ; McKee, M; Mehndiratta, MM; Mehri, F; Mehta, KM; Meitei, WB; Memiah, PTN; Mendoza, W; Menezes, RG; Mengesha, EW; Mensah, GA; Meretoja, A; Meretoja, TJ; Mestrovic, T; Michalek, IM; Mihretie, KM; Miller, TR; Mills, EJ; Milne, GJ; Mirrakhimov, EM; Mirzaei, H; Mirzaei, M; Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M; Misganaw, AT; Moazen, B; Moghadaszadeh, M; Mohamadi, E; Mohammad, DK; Mohammad, Y; Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N; Mohammadbeigi, A; Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A; Mohammadpourhodki, R; Mohammed, H; Mohammed, S; Mohebi, F; Mohseni Bandpei, MA; Mokari, A; Mokdad, AH; Momen, NC; Monasta, L; Mooney, MD; Moradi, G; Moradi, M; Moradi-Joo, M; Moradi-Lakeh, M; Moradzadeh, R; Moraga, P; Moreno Velásquez, I; Morgado-da-Costa, J; Morrison, SD; Mosser, JF; Mouodi, S; Mousavi, SM; Mousavi Khaneghah, A; Mueller, UO; Musa, KI; Muthupandian, S; Nabavizadeh, B; Naderi, M; Nagarajan, AJ; Naghavi, M; Naghshtabrizi, B; Naik, G; Najafi, F; Nangia, V; Nansseu, JR; Ndwandwe, DE; Negoi, I; Negoi, RI; Ngunjiri, JW; Nguyen, HLT; Nguyen, TH; Nigatu, YT; Nikbakhsh, R; Nikpoor, AR; Nixon, MR; Nnaji, CA; Nomura, S; Noubiap, JJ; Nouraei Motlagh, S; Nowak, C; Oţoiu, A; Odell, CM; Oh, I-H; Oladnabi, M; Olagunju, AT; Olusanya, BO; Olusanya, JO; Omar Bali, A; Ong, KL; Onwujekwe, OE; Ortiz, A; Otstavnov, N; Otstavnov, SS; Øverland, S; Owolabi, MO; P A, M; Padubidri, JR; Pakshir, K; Palladino, R; Pana, A; Panda-Jonas, S; Park, J; Pasupula, DK; Patel, JR; Patel, SK; Patton, GC; Paulson, KR; Pazoki Toroudi, H; Pease, SA; Peden, AE; Pepito, VCF; Peprah, EK; Pereira, A; Pereira, DM; Perico, N; Pigott, DM; Pilgrim, T; Pilz, TM; Piradov, MA; Pirsaheb, M; Pokhrel, KN; Postma, MJ; Pourjafar, H; Pourmalek, F; Pourshams, A; Poznańska, A; Prada, SI; Prakash, S; Preotescu, L; Quazi Syed, Z; Rabiee, M; Rabiee, N; Radfar, A; Rafiei, A; Raggi, A; Rahman, MA; Rajabpour-Sanati, A; Ram, P; Ranabhat, CL; Rao, SJ; Rasella, D; Rashedi, V; Rastogi, P; Rathi, P; Rawal, L; Remuzzi, G; Renjith, V; Renzaho, AMN; Resnikoff, S; Rezaei, N; Rezai, MS; Rezapour, A; Rickard, J; Roever, L; Ronfani, L; Roshandel, G; Rostamian, M; Rubagotti, E; Rwegerera, GM; Sabour, S; Saddik, B; Sadeghi, E; Sadeghi, M; Saeedi Moghaddam, S; Safari, Y; Safi, S; Safiri, S; Sagar, R; Sahebkar, A; Sahraian, MA; Sajadi, SM; Salahshoor, MR; Salama, JS; Salamati, P; Salem, MRR; Salimi, Y; Salomon, JA; Salz, I; Samad, Z; Samy, AM; Sanabria, J; Santric-Milicevic, MM; Saraswathy, SYI; Sartorius, B; Sarveazad, A; Sathian, B; Sathish, T; Sattin, D; Saylan, M; Schaeffer, LE; Schiavolin, S; Schwebel, DC; Schwendicke, F; Sekerija, M; Senbeta, AM; Senthilkumaran, S; Sepanlou, SG; Serván-Mori, E; Shabani, M; Shahabi, S; Shahbaz, M; Shaheen, AA; Shaikh, MA; Shalash, AS; Shams-Beyranvand, M; Shamsi, M; Shamsizadeh, M; Shannawaz, M; Sharafi, K; Sharafi, Z; Sharara, F; Sharma, R; Shaw, DH; Sheikh, A; Shin, JI; Shiri, R; Shrime, MG; Shuval, K; Siabani, S; Sigfusdottir, ID; Sigurvinsdottir, R; Silva, DAS; Simonetti, B; Simpson, KE; Singh, JA; Skiadaresi, E; Skryabin, VY; Soheili, A; Sokhan, A; Sorensen, RJD; Soriano, JB; Sorrie, MB; Soyiri, IN; Spurlock, EE; Sreeramareddy, CT; Stockfelt, L; Stokes, MA; Stubbs, JL; Sudaryanto, A; Sufiyan, MB; Suliankatchi Abdulkader, R; Sykes, BL; Tabarés-Seisdedos, R; Tabb, KM; Tadakamadla, SK; Taherkhani, A; Tang, M; Taveira, N; Taylor, HJ; Teagle, WL; Tehrani-Banihashemi, A; Teklehaimanot, BF; Tessema, ZT; Thankappan, KR; Thomas, N; Thrift, AG; Titova, MV; Tohidinik, HR; Tonelli, M; Topor-Madry, R; Topouzis, F; Tovani-Palone, MRR; Traini, E; Tran, BX; Travillian, R; Trias-Llimós, S; Truelsen, TC; Tudor Car, L; Unnikrishnan, B; Upadhyay, E; Vacante, M; Vakilian, A; Valdez, PR; Valli, A; Vardavas, C; Vasankari, TJ; Vasconcelos, AMN; Vasseghian, Y; Veisani, Y; Venketasubramanian, N; Vidale, S; Violante, FS; Vlassov, V; Vollset, SE; Vos, T; Vujcic, IS; Vukovic, A; Vukovic, R; Waheed, Y; Wallin, MT; Walters, MK; Wang, H; Wang, Y-P; Watson, S; Wei, J; Weiss, J; Weldesamuel, GT; Werdecker, A; Westerman, R; Whiteford, HA; Wiangkham, T; Wiens, KE; Wijeratne, T; Wiysonge, CS; Wojtyniak, B; Wolfe, CDA; Wondmieneh, AB; Wool, EE; Wu, A-M; Wu, J; Xu, G; Yamada, T; Yamagishi, K; Yano, Y; Yaya, S; Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V; Yearwood, JA; Yeheyis, TY; Yilgwan, CS; Yip, P; Yonemoto, N; Yoon, S-J; Yoosefi Lebni, J; York, HW; Younis, MZ; Younker, TP; Yousefi, Z; Yousefinezhadi, T; Yousuf, AY; Yusefzadeh, H; Zahirian Moghadam, T; Zakzuk, J; Zaman, SB; Zamani, M; Zamanian, M; Zandian, H; Zhang, Z-J; Zheng, P; Zhou, M; Ziapour, A; Murray, CJLNo abstract.
- ItemGlobal Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990–2019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study(Elsevier BV, 2020) Roth, GA; Mensah, GA; Johnson, CO; Addolorato, G; Ammirati, E; Baddour, LM; Barengo, NC; Beaton, AZ; Benjamin, EJ; Benziger, CP; Bonny, A; Brauer, M; Brodmann, M; Cahill, TJ; Carapetis, J; Catapano, AL; Chugh, SS; Cooper, LT; Coresh, J; Criqui, M; DeCleene, N; Eagle, KA; Emmons-Bell, S; Feigin, VL; Fernández-Solà, J; Fowkes, G; Gakidou, E; Grundy, SM; He, FJ; Howard, G; Hu, F; Inker, L; Karthikeyan, G; Kassebaum, N; Koroshetz, W; Lavie, C; Lloyd-Jones, D; Lu, HS; Mirijello, A; Temesgen, AM; Mokdad, A; Moran, AE; Muntner, P; Narula, J; Neal, B; Ntsekhe, M; Moraes de Oliveira, G; Otto, C; Owolabi, M; Pratt, M; Rajagopalan, S; Reitsma, M; Ribeiro, ALP; Rigotti, N; Rodgers, A; Sable, C; Shakil, S; Sliwa-Hahnle, K; Stark, B; Sundström, J; Timpel, P; Tleyjeh, IM; Valgimigli, M; Vos, T; Whelton, PK; Yacoub, M; Zuhlke, L; Murray, C; Fuster, V; Roth, GA; Mensah, GA; Johnson, CO; Addolorato, G; Ammirati, E; Baddour, LM; Barengo, NC; Beaton, A; Benjamin, EJ; Benziger, CP; Bonny, A; Brauer, M; Brodmann, M; Cahill, TJ; Carapetis, JR; Catapano, AL; Chugh, S; Cooper, LT; Coresh, J; Criqui, MH; DeCleene, NK; Eagle, KA; Emmons-Bell, S; Feigin, VL; Fernández-Sola, J; Fowkes, FGR; Gakidou, E; Grundy, SM; He, FJ; Howard, G; Hu, F; Inker, L; Karthikeyan, G; Kassebaum, NJ; Koroshetz, WJ; Lavie, C; Lloyd-Jones, D; Lu, HS; Mirijello, A; Misganaw, AT; Mokdad, AH; Moran, AE; Muntner, P; Narula, J; Neal, B; Ntsekhe, M; Oliveira, GMM; Otto, CM; Owolabi, MO; Pratt, M; Rajagopalan, S; Reitsma, MB; Ribeiro, ALP; Rigotti, NA; Rodgers, A; Sable, CA; Shakil, SS; Sliwa, K; Stark, BA; Sundström, J; Timpel, P; Tleyjeh, II; Valgimigli, M; Vos, T; Whelton, PK; Yacoub, M; Zuhlke, LJ; Abbasi-Kangevari, M; Abdi, A; Abedi, A; Aboyans, V; Abrha, WA; Abu-Gharbieh, E; Abushouk, AI; Acharya, D; Adair, T; Adebayo, OM; Ademi, Z; Advani, SM; Afshari, K; Afshin, A; Agarwal, G; Agasthi, P; Ahmad, S; Ahmadi, S; Ahmed, MB; Aji, B; Akalu, Y; Akande-Sholabi, W; Aklilu, A; Akunna, CJ; Alahdab, F; Al-Eyadhy, A; Alhabib, KF; Alif, SM; Alipour, V; Aljunid, SM; Alla, F; Almasi-Hashiani, A; Almustanyir, S; Al-Raddadi, RM; Amegah, AK; Amini, S; Aminorroaya, A; Amu, H; Amugsi, DA; Ancuceanu, R; Anderlini, D; Andrei, T; Andrei, CL; Ansari-Moghaddam, A; Anteneh, ZA; Antonazzo, IC; Antony, B; Anwer, R; Appiah, LT; Arabloo, J; Ärnlöv, J; Artanti, KD; Ataro, Z; Ausloos, M; Avila-Burgos, L; Awan, AT; Awoke, MA; Ayele, HT; Ayza, MA; Azari, S; B, DB; Baheiraei, N; Baig, AA; Bakhtiari, A; Banach, M; Banik, PC; Baptista, EA; Barboza, MA; Barua, L; Basu, S; Bedi, N; Béjot, Y; Bennett, DA; Bensenor, IM; Berman, AE; Bezabih, YM; Bhagavathula, AS; Bhaskar, S; Bhattacharyya, K; Bijani, A; Bikbov, B; Birhanu, MM; Boloor, A; Brant, LC; Brenner, H; Briko, NI; Butt, ZA; Caetano dos Santos, FL; Cahill, LE; Cahuana-Hurtado, L; Cámera, LA; Campos-Nonato, IR; Cantu-Brito, C; Car, J; Carrero, JJ; Carvalho, F; Castañeda-Orjuela, CA; Catalá-López, F; Cerin, E; Charan, J; Chattu, VK; Chen, S; Chin, KL; Choi, J-YJ; Chu, D-T; Chung, S-C; Cirillo, M; Coffey, S; Conti, S; Costa, VM; Cundiff, DK; Dadras, O; Dagnew, B; Dai, X; Damasceno, AAM; Dandona, L; Dandona, R; Davletov, K; De la Cruz-Góngora, V; De la Hoz, FP; De Neve, J-W; Denova-Gutiérrez, E; Derbew Molla, M; Derseh, BT; Desai, R; Deuschl, G; Dharmaratne, SD; Dhimal, M; Dhungana, RR; Dianatinasab, M; Diaz, D; Djalalinia, S; Dokova, K; Douiri, A; Duncan, BB; Duraes, AR; Eagan, AW; Ebtehaj, S; Eftekhari, A; Eftekharzadeh, S; Ekholuenetale, M; El Nahas, N; Elgendy, IY; Elhadi, M; El-Jaafary, SI; Esteghamati, S; Etisso, AE; Eyawo, O; Fadhil, I; Faraon, EJA; Faris, PS; Farwati, M; Farzadfar, F; Fernandes, E; Fernandez Prendes, C; Ferrara, P; Filip, I; Fischer, F; Flood, D; Fukumoto, T; Gad, MM; Gaidhane, S; Ganji, M; Garg, J; Gebre, AK; Gebregiorgis, BG; Gebregzabiher, KZ; Gebremeskel, GG; Getacher, L; Obsa, AG; Ghajar, A; Ghashghaee, A; Ghith, N; Giampaoli, S; Gilani, SA; Gill, PS; Gillum, RF; Glushkova, EV; Gnedovskaya, EV; Golechha, M; Gonfa, KB; Goudarzian, AH; Goulart, AC; Guadamuz, JS; Guha, A; Guo, Y; Gupta, R; Hachinski, V; Hafezi-Nejad, N; Haile, TG; Hamadeh, RR; Hamidi, S; Hankey, GJ; Hargono, A; Hartono, RK; Hashemian, M; Hashi, A; Hassan, S; Hassen, HY; Havmoeller, RJ; Hay, SI; Hayat, K; Heidari, G; Herteliu, C; Holla, R; Hosseini, M; Hosseinzadeh, M; Hostiuc, M; Hostiuc, S; Househ, M; Huang, J; Humayun, A; Iavicoli, I; Ibeneme, CU; Ibitoye, SE; Ilesanmi, OS; Ilic, IM; Ilic, MD; Iqbal, U; Irvani, SSN; Islam, SMS; Islam, RM; Iso, H; Iwagami, M; Jain, V; Javaheri, T; Jayapal, SK; Jayaram, S; Jayawardena, R; Jeemon, P; Jha, RP; Jonas, JB; Jonnagaddala, J; Joukar, F; Jozwiak, JJ; Jürisson, M; Kabir, A; Kahlon, T; Kalani, R; Kalhor, R; Kamath, A; Kamel, I; Kandel, H; Kandel, A; Karch, A; Kasa, AS; Katoto, PDMC; Kayode, GA; Khader, YS; Khammarnia, M; Khan, MS; Khan, MN; Khan, M; Khan, EA; Khatab, K; Kibria, GMA; Kim, YJ; Kim, GR; Kimokoti, RW; Kisa, S; 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Vaduganathan, M; Valdez, PR; Vasankari, TJ; Velazquez, DZ; Venketasubramanian, N; Vu, GT; Vujcic, IS; Waheed, Y; Wang, Y; Wang, F; Wei, J; Weintraub, RG; Weldemariam, AH; Westerman, R; Winkler, AS; Wiysonge, CS; Wolfe, CDA; Wubishet, BL; Xu, G; Yadollahpour, A; Yamagishi, K; Yan, LL; Yandrapalli, S; Yano, Y; Yatsuya, H; Yeheyis, TY; Yeshaw, Y; Yilgwan, CS; Yonemoto, N; Yu, C; Yusefzadeh, H; Zachariah, G; Zaman, SB; Zaman, MS; Zamanian, M; Zand, R; Zandifar, A; Zarghi, A; Zastrozhin, MS; Zastrozhina, A; Zhang, Z-J; Zhang, Y; Zhang, W; Zhong, C; Zou, Z; Zuniga, YMH; Murray, CJL; Fuster, VCardiovascular diseases (CVDs), principally ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke, are the leading cause of global mortality and a major contributor to disability. This paper reviews the magnitude of total CVD burden, including 13 underlying causes of cardiovascular death and 9 related risk factors, using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019. GBD, an ongoing multinational collaboration to provide comparable and consistent estimates of population health over time, used all available population-level data sources on incidence, prevalence, case fatality, mortality, and health risks to produce estimates for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Prevalent cases of total CVD nearly doubled from 271 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 257 to 285 million) in 1990 to 523 million (95% UI: 497 to 550 million) in 2019, and the number of CVD deaths steadily increased from 12.1 million (95% UI:11.4 to 12.6 million) in 1990, reaching 18.6 million (95% UI: 17.1 to 19.7 million) in 2019. The global trends for disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and years of life lost also increased significantly, and years lived with disability doubled from 17.7 million (95% UI: 12.9 to 22.5 million) to 34.4 million (95% UI:24.9 to 43.6 million) over that period. The total number of DALYs due to IHD has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 182 million (95% UI: 170 to 194 million) DALYs, 9.14 million (95% UI: 8.40 to 9.74 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 197 million (95% UI: 178 to 220 million) prevalent cases of IHD in 2019. The total number of DALYs due to stroke has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 143 million (95% UI: 133 to 153 million) DALYs, 6.55 million (95% UI: 6.00 to 7.02 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 101 million (95% UI: 93.2 to 111 million) prevalent cases of stroke in 2019. Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of disease burden in the world. CVD burden continues its decades-long rise for almost all countries outside high-income countries, and alarmingly, the age-standardized rate of CVD has begun to rise in some locations where it was previously declining in high-income countries. There is an urgent need to focus on implementing existing cost-effective policies and interventions if the world is to meet the targets for Sustainable Development Goal 3 and achieve a 30% reduction in premature mortality due to noncommunicable diseases.
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Wang, Y; Welding, K; Werdecker, A; Whisnant, JL; Wickramasinghe, ND; Yamagishi, K; Yandrapalli, S; Yatsuya, H; Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V; Yeshaw, Y; Yimmer, MZ; Yonemoto, N; Yu, C; Yunusa, I; Yusefzadeh, H; Zahirian Moghadam, T; Zaman, MS; Zamanian, M; Zandian, H; Zar, HJ; Zastrozhin, MS; Zastrozhina, A; Zavala-Arciniega, L; Zhang, J; Zhang, Z-J; Zhong, C; Zuniga, YMH; Gakidou, ESummary Background Ending the global tobacco epidemic is a defining challenge in global health. Timely and comprehensive estimates of the prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden are needed to guide tobacco control efforts nationally and globally. Methods We estimated the prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden for 204 countries and territories, by age and sex, from 1990 to 2019 as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study. We modelled multiple smoking-related indicators from 3625 nationally representative surveys. We completed systematic reviews and did Bayesian meta-regressions for 36 causally linked health outcomes to estimate non-linear dose-response risk curves for current and former smokers. We used a direct estimation approach to estimate attributable burden, providing more comprehensive estimates of the health effects of smoking than previously available. Findings Globally in 2019, 1·14 billion (95% uncertainty interval 1·13–1·16) individuals were current smokers, who consumed 7·41 trillion (7·11–7·74) cigarette-equivalents of tobacco in 2019. Although prevalence of smoking had decreased significantly since 1990 among both males (27·5% [26·5–28·5] reduction) and females (37·7% [35·4–39·9] reduction) aged 15 years and older, population growth has led to a significant increase in the total number of smokers from 0·99 billion (0·98–1·00) in 1990. Globally in 2019, smoking tobacco use accounted for 7·69 million (7·16–8·20) deaths and 200 million (185–214) disability-adjusted life-years, and was the leading risk factor for death among males (20·2% [19·3–21·1] of male deaths). 6·68 million [86·9%] of 7·69 million deaths attributable to smoking tobacco use were among current smokers. Interpretation In the absence of intervention, the annual toll of 7·69 million deaths and 200 million disability-adjusted life-years attributable to smoking will increase over the coming decades. Substantial progress in reducing the prevalence of smoking tobacco use has been observed in countries from all regions and at all stages of development, but a large implementation gap remains for tobacco control. Countries have a clear and urgent opportunity to pass strong, evidence-based policies to accelerate reductions in the prevalence of smoking and reap massive health benefits for their citizens.