Practical Fertilization Procedure and Embryonic Development of the New Zealand Geoduck Clam (Panopea Zelandica)

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aut.relation.endpage10
aut.relation.journalJournal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdomen_NZ
aut.relation.startpage1
aut.researcherYoung, Timothy
dc.contributor.authorLe, DVen_NZ
dc.contributor.authorYoung, Ten_NZ
dc.contributor.authorAlfaro, ACen_NZ
dc.contributor.authorRagg, NLCen_NZ
dc.contributor.authorHilton, Zen_NZ
dc.contributor.authorWatts, Een_NZ
dc.contributor.authorKing, Nen_NZ
dc.date.accessioned2017-06-06T21:52:16Z
dc.date.available2017-06-06T21:52:16Z
dc.date.copyright2016-12-19en_NZ
dc.date.issued2016-12-19en_NZ
dc.description.abstractCopyright © Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2016Cultivation of the geoduck Panopea zelandica (Quoy & Gaimard, 1835) requires knowledge on embryonic development to produce spat in hatcheries. This study investigated the development of P. zelandica embryos at 15°C and 35 ppt and the optimal sperm:egg ratios for fertilization under hatchery conditions. Panopea zelandica broodstock were induced to spawn by serotonin injection. Sperm and eggs were collected and fertilization was conducted at sperm:egg ratios of: 50:1, 100:1, 500:1, 1000:1 and 10,000:1 over 40 min. The optimal sperm:egg ratio was <500:1 and the normal embryo yield at 3 and 18 h post-fertilization (hpf) ranged from 83–96%. Panopea zelandica eggs (~80 μm diameter) developed the first and second polar bodies within 15–20 and 50–55 min post-fertilization, respectively. The blastula appeared at ~8 hpf, including the XR and XL cells and the presumptive shell field depression. Gastrulation occurred at 12–18 hpf with organic material apparent at the shell field depression. The mid-stage trochophore, which appeared at around 35 hpf had an apical plate with an apical tuft. The shell field spread to form the periostracum, which expanded and folded into right and left segments covering the late trochophore. The early D-stage veliger appeared at 45 hpf with the soft body being enclosed by two valves and the appearance of the velum. These observations will serve as the basis for future analyses of P. zelandica embryogenesis and for optimization of commercial production of D-veliger larvae.en_NZ
dc.identifier.citationJournal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 1-10. doi:10.1017/S0025315416001685
dc.identifier.doi10.1017/S0025315416001685en_NZ
dc.identifier.issn0025-3154en_NZ
dc.identifier.issn1469-7769en_NZ
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10292/10525
dc.publisherMarine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2016
dc.relation.urihttps://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-marine-biological-association-of-the-united-kingdom/article/practical-fertilization-procedure-and-embryonic-development-of-the-new-zealand-geoduck-clam-panopea-zelandica/94084036EF34BC5E95C09A287E119288
dc.rightsThis article has been published in a revised form in Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom [http://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315416001685]. This version is free to view and download for private research and study only. Not for re-distribution, re-sale or use in derivative works. © Cambridge University Press.
dc.rights.accessrightsOpenAccessen_NZ
dc.subjectPanopea zelandica; New Zealand geoduck; Embryogenesis; Blastula; 48 gastrula; Trochophore; Fertilization; Sperm:egg ratio
dc.titlePractical Fertilization Procedure and Embryonic Development of the New Zealand Geoduck Clam (Panopea Zelandica)en_NZ
dc.typeJournal Article
pubs.elements-id217992
pubs.organisational-data/AUT
pubs.organisational-data/AUT/Health & Environmental Science
pubs.organisational-data/AUT/Health & Environmental Science/Applied Science
pubs.organisational-data/AUT/Health & Environmental Science/School of Science
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