America's Cup Sailing: Effect of Standing Arm-Cranking ("Grinding") Direction on Muscle Activity, Kinematics, and Torque Application

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aut.relation.issue3en_NZ
aut.relation.journalSports (Basel)en_NZ
aut.relation.volume4en_NZ
aut.researcherHume, Patria
dc.contributor.authorPearson, SNen_NZ
dc.contributor.authorHume, PAen_NZ
dc.contributor.authorCronin, Jen_NZ
dc.contributor.authorSlyfield, Den_NZ
dc.date.accessioned2019-01-20T22:24:28Z
dc.date.available2019-01-20T22:24:28Z
dc.date.copyright2016-06-27en_NZ
dc.date.issued2016-06-27en_NZ
dc.description.abstractGrinding is a key physical element in America's Cup sailing. This study aimed to describe kinematics and muscle activation patterns in relation to torque applied in forward and backward grinding. Ten male America's Cup sailors (33.6 ± 5.7 years, 97.9 ± 13.4 kg, 186.6 ± 7.4 cm) completed forward and backward grinding on a customised grinding ergometer. In forward grinding peak torque (77 Nm) occurred at 95° (0° = crank vertically up) on the downward section of the rotation at the end of shoulder flexion and elbow extension. Backward grinding torque peaked at 35° (69 Nm) following the pull action (shoulder extension, elbow flexion) across the top of the rotation. During forward grinding, relatively high levels of torque (>50 Nm) were maintained through the majority (72%) of the cycle, compared to 47% for backward grinding, with sections of low torque corresponding with low numbers of active muscles. Variation in torque was negatively associated with forward grinding performance (r = -0.60; 90% CI -0.88 to -0.02), but positively associated with backward performance (r = 0.48; CI = -0.15 to 0.83). Magnitude and distribution of torque generation differed according to grinding direction and presents an argument for divergent training methods to improve forward and backward grinding performance.en_NZ
dc.identifier.citationSports, 4(3), 37. doi:10.3390/sports4030037
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/sports4030037en_NZ
dc.identifier.issn2075-4663en_NZ
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10292/12163
dc.languageengen_NZ
dc.publisherMDPI
dc.relation.urihttps://www.mdpi.com/2075-4663/4/3/37
dc.rightsThis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (CC BY 4.0).
dc.rights.accessrightsOpenAccessen_NZ
dc.subjectBiomechanicsen_NZ
dc.subjectMovement analysisen_NZ
dc.subjectPerformanceen_NZ
dc.subjectYachtingen_NZ
dc.titleAmerica's Cup Sailing: Effect of Standing Arm-Cranking ("Grinding") Direction on Muscle Activity, Kinematics, and Torque Applicationen_NZ
dc.typeJournal Article
pubs.elements-id340474
pubs.organisational-data/AUT
pubs.organisational-data/AUT/Health & Environmental Science
pubs.organisational-data/AUT/Health & Environmental Science/Sports & Recreation
pubs.organisational-data/AUT/Health & Environmental Science/SPRINZ
pubs.organisational-data/AUT/PBRF
pubs.organisational-data/AUT/PBRF/PBRF Health and Environmental Sciences
pubs.organisational-data/AUT/PBRF/PBRF Health and Environmental Sciences/HS Sports & Recreation 2018 PBRF
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